Air Quality Criteria for Lead Volume II of II - (NEPIS)(EPA) - US ...

AX5-21
Subject Exposure Protocol
Mice
PND 7–90
Rat
PND 21 or 90
Monkey
13 yrs
Table AX5-3.3. Summary of Key Studies on Changes in Sensory Function
0.15 % Pb(Ac) 2
in dams water from PND 0–21
Rat retinas 0.01–10 µM
Pb Cl 2
0.02% and 0.2% Pb(Ac) 2
in dams water PND 0–21 and
3 wks as adult
2 mg/kg/d Pb(Ac) 2
in capsule for 13 y
Monkey 350 or 600 mg Pb(Ac) 2
for 9.75 yrs
Bovine retinas 50 pM–100 nM
Pb(Ac)2
Peak Blood Pb
or [Pb] used Observed Effects Reference
26 µg/dL Produces a rod photoreceptor-selective apoptosis inhibited by Bcl-xl
overexpression.
He et al. (2003)
Pb and calcium produce rod photoreceptor cell apoptosis via mitochondria. He et al. (2000)
59.0 µg/dL Functional alterations and apoptotic cell death in the retina. Fox et al. (1997)
168.0 µg/dL Mild increase in detection of pure tones outside of threshold. Rice (1997)
55 µg/dL Consistent prolongations of latencies on the brain stem auditory evoked
potential.
Lilienthal and
Winneke (1996)
Direct inhibition of purified rod cGMP PDE, magnesium can reverse effect. Srivastava et al.
(1995)
Rat retinas 10 −9 to 10 −4 M Alters several physiological and biochemical properties of rod photoreceptors. Fox et al. (1994)
Adult rat 0.02% and 0.2% Pb(Ac)2
in dams water PND 0–21
Monkey 6 yr Glycerine capsule with 25 or
2000 µg/kg/d Pb(Ac) 2
Rat
PND 90
0.2% Pb(Ac) 2
in dams water PND 0–21
Review paper examining effects upon auditory and visual function. Otto and Fox
(1993)
59.4 µg/dL Inhibits adult rat retinal, but not kidney, Na + , K + -ATPase. Fox et al. (1991b)
220 µg/dL Morphological damage in the visual cortical area V1 and V2. Reuhl et al.
(1989)
0.59 ppm Long-term selective deficits in rod photoreceptor function and biochemistry. Fox and Farber
(1988)