Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT these exposure media via inhalation, ingestion and dermal uptake. Fig. 21 illustrates the types of exposure pathways we use to carry out a multiple-media, multiple-route, multiple-pathway exposure assessment. Exposure assessments often rely implicitly on the assumption that exposure can be linked by simple parameters to ambient concentrations in air, water and soil. However, total exposure assessments that include time-activity patterns and microenvironmental data reveal that an exposure assessment is most valuable when it provides a comprehensive view of exposure routes and pathways and identifies major sources of uncertainty. Listed in Table 17 are potential interactions among environmental media, exposure media and exposure pathways that are addressed in this chapter. An assessment of intake requires that we determine how much crosses these boundaries. Thus, we see the need to address many types of "multiples" in the quantification of human exposure, such as multiple media (air, water, soil); multiple exposure pathways (or scenarios); multiple routes (inhalation, ingestion, dermal); multiple chemicals; multiple population subgroups; and multiple health end-points. The matter is further complicated by the fact that pollutants may have both systemic and route specific health effects. For the compounds that have mainly systemic effects the total exposure -- sum of all routes -- is most relevant; for other agents such as pneumococci aerosols in the lung, dermal vs. ingestion absorption of Table 17. Interactions among environmental media, exposure media and exposu Exposure routes Media Air Soil http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 96 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (gases and particles) (ground-surface soil, root-zone soil) Inhalation gases and particles in soil vapours that migrate outdoor air indoor air gases and particles soil particles transferred transferred from outdoor air indoor air to indoor air Ingestion fruits, vegetables, and grains soil contaminated by transfer of atmospheric chemicals to plant fruits, vegetables, and gr tissues contaminated by transfer f meat, milk, and eggs meat, milk, and eggs conta contaminated by transfer of by transfer from soil to p contaminants from air to plants to animals to animals meat, milk and eggs contaminated meat, milk, and eggs conta through inhalation by animals through soil ingestion by mother's milk mother's milk Dermal contact (not included) soil solvents which are rapidly metabolized in the liver, or fine particulate matter in the ambient air, the route of exposure is crucial, and total exposure as a sum of all exposure routes may be meaningless. Multiple media exposure models are discussed in section 6.5. 6.4 Single-medium models Most of the transport models that have been developed for describing the behaviour of contaminants in the environment have dealt with specific environmental media, such as indoor and outdoor air, surface water and sediments, groundwater and soils. These single-medium models operate at various levels of spatial and temporal detail, depending on the particular conditions being assessed. The following discussion will highlight some of the more commonly used methods for characterizing contaminant transport in environmental media. Additional information on transport modelling for use in exposure assessments can be found in Masters (1991). 6.4.1 Outdoor and indoor air Substances in outdoor air are transported from sources to receptors by atmospheric advection and dispersion. In general, pollutant concentrations in outdoor air are directly proportional to emission strength and inversely proportional to dispersion. The physical relationship, e.g., lateral and vertical distance, between sources and receptors is also an important factor. Meteorological parameters have an overwhelming influence on the dispersion of contaminants in the lower atmosphere. Among them, wind parameters http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 97 of 284 6/1/2007
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