Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT locations, in transit, and outdoors. The concentration of respirable particles (RSP) is displayed on the y axis, and the fraction of time that person i spends in each microenvironment over the 24-h period is plotted on the t axis. Even though the RSP concentration was low inside the home, it contributed significantly to the time-weighted exposure because this person spent 18 out of 24 h there. Conversely, the RSP concentration outdoors made only a minor contribution because this person was outdoors less than half an hour during the 24-h period. Indirect monitoring of ingestion exposures via hand-to-mouth contact may be obtained by collection of dermal wipe samples. However as indicated above, the use of this method has been limited to date. A drawback of the dermal wipe approach is that the integration time may be highly variable among subjects owing to variations in frequency of hand and body-washing, making interpretation of the results difficult (Fenske, 1993). Information on rates of contact between the contaminated skin and mouth is also required to complete the exposure assessment. A discussion of these types of data may be found in Chapter 5. Given the diversity of microenvironments that people move through each day (see Table 7), application of the indirect approach to exposure assessment is not straightforward. Its utility depends on identification of and sampling in the microenvironments with the greatest potential to influence human exposure. The costs and practical difficulties of monitoring in all, or even most, of the locations where people are likely to spend their time limits the scope of indirect measurements. Table 7. Potentially important microenvironments for air pollution exposure Microenvironments Comments Outdoors Urban metropolitan areas where air pollution levels are high as stationary sources Suburban small- to medium-sized cities where air pollution levels areas, although transport of urban pollution can affect l Rural agricultural communities and small towns with few major a Air pollution levels tend to be low, although transport o local air quality under certain conditions Indoors-occupational Industrial manufacturing and production processes, such as those in plants, and smelters Non-industrial primarily service industries where workers are not involv processes, such as insurance companies, law offices, and Indoors-Non-occupational Residential single-family houses, apartments, mobile homes, condomini Commercial restaurants, retail stores, banks, supermarkets http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 52 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Public post offices, courthouses, sports arenas, convention hall Institutional schools, hospitals, convalescent homes Indoors-Transportation Private automobiles, private aeroplanes Public buses, subways, trains, commercial aeroplanes 3.5.2.2 Models as an indirect approach to assessing exposure The microenvironmental exposure equation describes a model commonly used for assessment of air pollutant exposure. More generally, models are useful tools for quantifying the relationship between pollutant exposure and important explanatory variables, as well as for expanding existing exposure information to estimation of exposures of new populations and subgroups, and future exposure scenarios. Validated exposure models reduce the need for expensive http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 53 of 284 6/1/2007
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