Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT determined as part of the risk assessment process. Although these standards are set with safety margins, exposures that exceed these reference levels raise concerns about potentially elevated health risks for the exposed population (Fig. 5a). Quantitative risk assessment for carcinogens is a well established, albeit controversial, procedure. As part of the guidelines developed by the WHO, it is common practice to extrapolate from high to low dose by assuming a linear, non-threshold model for carcinogenicity. Under this assumption, cancer risk for individuals can be estimated directly from the exposure or dose distribution, and the number of excess cancer cases (i.e., the increase above background rates) in the exposed population can usually be estimated by multiplying the average dose by both the total number of people exposed and the dose-response slope factor (Fig. 5b). Although individual risk is assumed to increase with increasing exposure and dose all along the distribution, exposures of concern are typically defined to be those above some minimal level of risk (e.g., WHO considers this to be a 1 in 10 5 or 10 6 excess lifetime risk of developing cancer). Unit cancer risk numbers are given in inverse concentration units for food, water and air as (ppm) -1 , (ppb) -1 or mg -1 m -3 ). Expressed in inverse dose units (mg kg -1 day -1 ), the cancer slope risk factor is multiplied by ingestion or inhalation rates and adjusted for body weight. Individual cancer risk is calculated by assuming a lifetime of exposure at a given level of contamination. When exposure data are available, it is then possible to approximate the cancer risk of the typical or average person in the population or one who might be at maximum risk due to a greater level of exposure. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 34 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT In regulatory applications of risk assessments, exposure estimates are often constructed using existing data or single point measurements to estimate the risk of a facility, hazardous waste site or chemical waste site, or even the use of a chemical product. This approach can result in large errors in the exposure assessment and hence the risk assessment. Exposure assessment studies are used to obtain a more accurate determination of the exposure associated with a health impact outcome of concern. Population-based risk assessments benefit from the use of population-based measurements derived from surveys or models (see Chapter 3) to estimate the distribution of health effect outcomes in the total exposed population over a specified time period. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 35 of 284 6/1/2007
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Environmental Health Criteria 214

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