Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT pesticides used indoors were mainly taken via inhalation. The chlorinated hydrocarbons chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin and dieldrin were calculated to have the largest risk for health effects, although all but heptachlor and aldrin had negligible risks. Heptachlor and aldrin had excess lifetime cancer risks of 2 × 10- 4 and 1 × 10- 4 respectively in Jacksonville, despite having been banned for many years. 12.7.5 Czech study of air pollution impact on human health The aim of the Teplice programme has been to conduct a multi-end-point air monitoring and human biomonitoring study to assess the impact of air pollution on population health in the district of Teplice, Czech Republic (Sram et al., 1996). Particulate and gaseous air pollutants were measured in Teplice and in the control region Prachatice. PM 2.5 and PM 10 composition and toxic metals as well as concentrations of PAHs were measured daily in winter and periodically during the spring/summer season. The concentrations of all pollutants measured were significantly higher in winter compared to spring and summer. Average fine particle mass in Teplice was 122 µg/m 3 compared to 44 µg/m 3 in Prachatice during the winter of 1993, and 28.7 µg/m 3 and 17 µg/m 3 respectively, in spring/summer. Total PAH concentrations in Teplice in winter were approximately twice as high as in Prachatice (278 versus 163 ng/m 3 ). Evaluation of the benzo [a]pyrene to lead ratio in Teplice over time indicated the presence of at least two sources of PAHs. During the summer when mobile sources are the major contributor to benzo [a]pyrene, the ratio was about 0.01. During winter, when the ratio was 0.05 to 0.15, emission from inefficient combustion of brown coal in domestic heating systems is considered to be the most likely source of PAHs. Personal exposure and biomarkers were measured with the objective of simultaneously evaluating personal exposure to air pollution and internal measures of dose and genetic effects and susceptibility using a series of biomarkers. PAHs were selected as the pollutant marker for monitoring personal exposure. A group of 30 women working outdoors in Teplice district was compared with a group of 30 women from the Prachatice district. Personal exposure monitoring (PM 2.5 ) was conducted for the 24-h period prior to collection of blood and urine. High correlation were observed between the mass of fine particles and personal exposure to total carcinogenic PAHs and benzo [a]pyrene. Significant correlations were observed between the personal exposures to PM 2.5 or carcinogenic PAHs and blood lead and blood selenium. The urinary PAH metabolites, adjusted for creatinine content, were also significantly correlated with PM 2.5 or PAHs. Significant correlations were found between personal exposure to carcinogenic PAHs and white blood cell DNA adduct level. The results consistently suggested that elevated levels of airborne fine particle pollution could result in measurable uptake, metabolism and cellular DNA damage in a population exposed to high concentrations, even for a short-term winter inversion period. REFERENCES ACGIH (1989) Guidelines for the assessment of bioaerosols in the indoor environment. Cincinnati, Ohio, American Conference of http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm Page 232 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Governmental Industrial Hygienists. ACGIH (1991) Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices, 6th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio, American Conference of Governmental and Industrial Hygienists. ACGIH (1995) Air sampling instruments for evaluation of atmospheric contaminants, 8th ed. Cincinnati, Ohio, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Adair J & Spengler JD (1989a) In: Starks ed. Assessing activity patterns for air pollution exposure research -- Proceedings of the Research Planning Conference on Human Activity Patterns. Las Vegas, Nevada, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA/600/4-89/004). Adair J & Spengler JD (1989b) Time/activity and exposure assessment: The six city indoor air quality experience -- Proceeding of the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association. Anaheim, California, Air and Waste Management Association. AIHC (1994) Exposure factors source book. Washington, DC, American Industrial Health Council. Ainsworth B, Haskell W, Leon A, Jacobs DR Jr, Montoye HJ, Sallis JF, & Paffenbarger RS Jr (1993) Compendium of physical activities: classification of energy costs of human physical activities. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 25: 71-80. Aitio A (1994) Biological monitoring today and tomorrow. Scand J Work Environ Health, 20(special issue): 46-58. Aitio A & Järvisalo J (1984) Collection, processing and storage of specimens for biological monitoring of occupational exposure to toxic chemicals. Pure Appl Chem, 56: 549-566. Akland G, Hartwell TD, Johnson TR, & Whitmore R (1985) Measuring human exposure to carbon monoxide in Washington, DC, and Denver, CO during the winter of 1982-83. Environ Sci Technol, 19: 911-918. Alessio L (1993) Reference values for the study of low doses of metals. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 65: S23-S27. Andelman JB (1985a) Human exposures to volatile halogenated organic chemicals in indoor and outdoor air. Environ Health Perspect, 62: 313-318. Andelman JB (1985b) Inhalation exposure in the home to volatile organic contaminants of drinking water. Sci Total Environ, 47: 443-460. Anglov T, Holst E, & Christensen M (1993) Danish external quality assessment scheme: an interlaboratory comparison study on lead, cadmium and chromium in lyophilized human blood concentrate. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 64: 431-438. AOAC (1991) In: Garfield FM ed. Quality assurance principles for analytical laboratories. Washington, DC, Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Armstrong RW (1985) The geography of specific environments of patients http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm Page 233 of 284 6/1/2007
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