Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Some residents still catch and consume considerable amounts of local fish and shellfish, particularly crabs, during summer and autumn. The crabs contain high concentrations of PCDDs/Fs with a predominance of tetra- and hexa-CDFs and PCB-209. In the study by Johansen et al. (1996), 24 male crab consumers were recruited non-randomly from news announcements and 10 controls were drawn randomly from the population register. PCDDs/Fs and PCBs were measured in blood samples. Information on crab and fish consumption and intake of fatty food items were collected and the fishing site reported. The study was designed to determine if consumption of crabs from the contaminated fjord area led to increased body burden of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs. From the patterns of PCDDs/Fs and PCBs congeners in crabs, can congeners in blood be inferred sources? Finally, can exposure estimates based on blood levels be predicted by reported crab intake of location? A considerable increase of PCDDs/Fs in blood was found upon consumption of contaminated crabs. A direct relationship was found between blood level and the number of crabs times contamination level. See Fig. 46 from Johansen et al. (1996). The PCDD/F profile in the high intake group clearly reflected the profile found in the crab hepatopancreas. PCB-209 does not appear to be absorbed since it did not increase after crab consumption. Using a simplified toxicokinetic calculation, good correlation ( r = 0.61) was reported between estimated yearly intake based on blood values and intake based on reported intake and the fishing site. The intake calculated for the controls was 9.7 pg TEQ/kg body weight per week, in good agreement with estimated intake from food in Norway (8-10 pg TEQ/kg body weight per week). The average exposures of the moderate and high-intake groups were 31 (10-61) pg/kg body weight per week and 62 (24-114) pg/kg body weight per week. Most individuals in the high-intake group exceeded the recommended Nordic tolerable weekly intake (TWI) of 35 pg/kg body weight per week 12.4.3 Exposure to volatile organic compounds and urinary metabolites In Tokyo, Nakahama et al. (1997) measured personal VOC exposures over 12 h and the metabolites in urine. Thirteen men and 17 women participated. The VOCs 1,1,1-trichloroethane, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene were sampled with passive absorbent badges. Trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid corrected for creatinine were measured in urine. Personal exposures were well correlated ( r = 0.80) with urinary metabolites. Interestingly, women inhaled twice as much VOCs as men, perhaps because of increased exposure to household chemicals and cosmetics. http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 224 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 12.5 Exposure to contaminants in drinking-water The health effects of exposure to natural background radiation, specifically radon, through inhalation have been explored, but drinking-water is another source of natural background radiation that may contribute to cancer incidence. Elevated rates of bone cancer have been hypothesized as potential outcomes of exposure to radium-226 and radium-228 because of their accumulation in the bone (Bean et al., 1982). These two isotopes are found in some deep aquifers. Previous to the study 300 000 residents of Iowa were found to have levels of radium-226 in their municipal drinking water that exceeded the US http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 225 of 284 6/1/2007
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Environmental Health Criteria 214

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