Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Levels of total PAHs, carcinogenic PAHs and PM 5 were very high and showed no statistically significant differences indoors and outdoors ( p > 0.05). Highest PM 5 levels were 260 and 280 µg/m 3 for indoors and outdoors respectively. Levels of benzo [a]pyrene indoors and outdoors were highly correlated ( r = 0.869). For restaurants which usually work with open doors, the correlation between indoor and outdoor levels was even higher ( r = 0.99). In Curocori, levels (a town with little vehicular traffic) were almost identical indoors and outdoors. Levels of carbon monoxide PM 5 , total PAHs and carcinogenic PAHs were considerably lower in this rural town and indoor/outdoor correlations were also much lower than those obtained in Santiago. These results confirm the importance of ambient pollution to population exposures when outdoor pollution levels are high. Only when the contribution of penetrating ambient pollution is lowered can the indoor contributions be more readily assessed. 12.3.7 Volatile organic compounds Human exposure to VOCs occurs mainly through inhalation, although some VOCs are ingested as contaminants in drinking-water, food and http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm Page 214 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT beverages. Some hydrocarbons are known carcinogens or mutagens (e.g., benzene). Almost all cause eye irritation, coughing, drowsiness, clumsiness and loss of alertness. Acute effects from industrial exposures at the parts per million (µg/g) level include skin reactions, dizziness and fainting. Sick building syndrome (SBS) and multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) have been associated with relatively low (ng/g, parts per billion) concentrations of VOCs. Between 1979 and 1987, the US EPA carried out the TEAM studies to measure personal exposures of the general public to VOCs in several geographic areas in the USA (Pellizzari et al., 1987; Wallace et al., 1987a). About 20 target VOCs were included in the studies, which involved about 750 people, representing 750 000 residents of the areas. Each participant carried a personal air quality monitor containing 1.5 g Tenax. A small battery-powered pump pulled about 20 litres of air across the sorbent over a 12-h period. Two consecutive 12-h personal air samples were collected for each person. Concurrent outdoor air samples were also collected in the participants' backyards. In the 1987 studies, fixed indoor air samplers were also installed in the living room of their homes. The initial TEAM pilot study (Wallace et al., 1982) in Beaumont, Texas and Chapel Hill, North Carolina indicated that personal exposures to about a dozen VOCs exceeded outdoor air levels, even though Beaumont has major oil producing, refining and storage facilities. These findings were supported by a second pilot study in Bayonne-Elizabeth, New Jersey (another major chemical manufacturing and petroleum refining area) and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (Wallace et al., 1984a). A succeeding major study of 350 people in Bayonne-Elizabeth (Wallace et al., 1984b) and an additional 50 people in a non-industrial city and a rural area (Wallace et al., 1987a) reinforced these findings (Table 39). A second major study in Los Angeles and in Antioch-Pittsburgh, California (Wallace et al., 1988), with a follow-up study in Los Angeles in 1987 (Wallace et al., 1991a,b) added a number of VOCs to the list of target chemicals with similar results (Table 40). Major findings of these TEAM studies included the following: * Personal exposures exceeded median outdoor air concentrations by factors of 2-5 for nearly all of the 11 prevalent VOCs (Fig. 41). The difference was even larger (factors of 10 or 29) when the maximum values were compared. This is so despite the fact that most of the outdoor samples were collected in areas with heavy industry (New Jersey) or heavy traffic (Los Angeles). * Major sources are consumer products (bathroom deodorizers, moth repellents); personal activities (smoking, driving); and building materials (paints and adhesives). In the USA, one chemical (carbon tetrachloride) has been banned from consumer products and exposure is thus limited to the global background of about 0.7 µg/m 3 . * Traditional sources (automobiles, industry, petrochemical plants) contributed only 20-25% of total exposure to most of the target VOCs (Wallace, 1991a,b). No difference in exposure was noted for persons living close to chemical manufacturing plants or petroleum refineries. The results of the VOC TEAM study encouraged investigators to explore the causes for higher personal exposures. In a study designed http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm Page 215 of 284 6/1/2007
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Environmental Health Criteria 214

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