Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Development "carry out a TEAM study of human exposure to particles." The EPA Atmospheric Research and Exposure Assessment Laboratory joined with California's Air Resources Board to sponsor a Particle Total Exposure Assessment Methodology (PTEAM) study in the Los Angeles Basin. The study was carried out primarily by the Research Triangle Institute and the Harvard University School of Public Health. The main goal of the study was to estimate the frequency distribution of exposures to particles for residents of Riverside, California, a city of approximately 250 000 inhabitants located 75 km east of downtown Table 38. Guide to documents on exposure assessment The Potential of Human Exposure Assessment for Air Pollution Regulation (WHO, 1995a) Human Exposure Assessment for Airborne Pollutants: Advances and Opportunities (US NRC, 1991b) Methods for Assessing Exposure of Human and Non-human Biota (Tardiff & Goldstein, 1991) Biological Monitoring of Metals (IPCS, 1992) Guidelines for Exposure Assessment (US EPA, 1992a) Dermal Exposure Assessment: Principles and Applications (US EPA, 1992b) Methodology for Assessing Health Risks Associated with Indirect Exposure to Combustion Emissions (US EPA, 1990) Estimating Exposures to Dioxin-Like Compounds (US EPA, 1994) Superfund Exposure Assessment Manual (US EPA, 1988a) Selection Criteria for Models Used in Exposure Assessments (US EPA, 1987, 1988b) Standard Scenarios for Estimating Exposure to Chemical Substances During Use of Consumer Products (US EPA, 1986a) Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, Subdivisions U and K (US EPA, 1984, 1986b) Methods for Assessing Exposure to Chemical Substances, Volumes 1-13 (US EPA, 1983-1989) Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead: Comparison between Belgium, Malta, Mexico and Sweden (Bruaux & Svartengren, 1985) Guidance on Survey Design for Human Exposure Assessment Locations (HEAL) Studies (Kollander, 1993) Air pollution in African villages and cities (Koning de, 1988) Exposure Monitoring of Nitrogen Dioxide. An international pilot study within the WHO/UNEP Human Exposure Assessment Location (HEAL) Programme (Matsushita & Tanabe, 1991) Assessment of Human Exposure to Selected Organochlorine Compounds Through Biological Monitoring (Slorach & Vaz, 1983) Assessment of Human Exposure to Lead and Cadmium Through Biological Monitoring (Vahter, 1982) Global WHO/UNEP: Environment Monitoring System. Exposure Monitoring of Lead and Cadmium (Vahter & Slorach, 1990) Human Exposure to Carbon Monoxide and Suspended Particulate Matter in Zagreb, Yugoslavia (WHO, 1982a) Human Exposure to SO2, NO2 and Suspended Particulate Matter in Toronto (WHO, 1982b) Human Exposure to Suspended Particulate Matter and Sulphate in Bombay (WHO, 1984) Human Exposure to Carbon Monoxide and Suspended Particulate Matter in Beijing, People's Republic of China (WHO, 1985c). Guidelines for integrated air, water, food and biological exposure monitoring (WHO/UNEP, 1986) Indoor Air Quality Study Maragua Area, Kenya (WHO/UNEP, 1987) http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm Page 204 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Indoor Air Quality in the Basse Area, The Gambia (WHO/UNEP, 1988) Table 38. (continued) An introductory guide to human exposure field studies: survey methods and statistical sampling (WHO/UNEP, 1992a) Endemic fluorosis: a global health issue (WHO/UNEP, 1992b) Human Exposure to Pollutants. Report on the pilot phase of the Human Exposure Assessment Locations Programme (UNEP/WHO, 1991) Los Angeles. Another goal was to determine particle concentrations in the participants' homes and immediately outside the homes. The study had a three-stage probability sampling procedure (Ozkaynak et al., 1996). Ultimately 178 residents of Riverside, took part in the study in the fall of 1990. Respondents represented 139 000 ± 16 000 (SE) non-smoking Riverside residents aged 10 and above. Their homes represented about 60 000 Riverside homes. Each participant wore a personal exposure monitor (PEM) for two consecutive 12-h periods. Concurrent PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples were collected by a stationary indoor monitor (SIM) and stationary outdoor monitor (SAM) at each home. The SIM and SAM were essentially identical to the PEM. A total of 10 particle samples were collected for each household (day and night samples from the PEM 10 , SIM 2.5 , SIM 10 , SAM 2.5 , SAM 10 ). Air exchange rates were also determined for each 12-h period. Up to 4 participants per day could be monitored, requiring 48 days to conduct the study. A central outdoor site was maintained over the entire period (22 September-9 November 1990). The site had 2 high-volume samples with 10 µm inlets (actual cut-point about 9.0 µm), 2 dichotomous PM 10 and PM 2.5 samples (actual cut-point about 9.5 µm), 1 PEM 10 , 1 SAM 10 and 1 SAM 2.5 . More than 2750 particle samples were collected, about 96% of those attempted. All filters were analysed by XRF for a suite of 40 metals. More than 1000 12-h average air exchange rate measurements were made. A complete discussion of the quality of the data is found in Thomas et al. (1993a). LODs, based on 3 times the standard deviation of the blanks, were of the order of 7-10 µg/m 3 . All field samples exceeded the LOD. Duplicate samples ( n = 363) showed excellent precision for all types of particle samplers at all locations, with median relative standard deviations ranging from 2 to 4%. Daytime mean personal PM 10 concentrations (150 µg/m 3 ) were more than 50% higher than either indoor or outdoor levels (95 µg/m 3 ). Overnight mean personal PM 10 concentrations (77 µg/m 3 ) were similar to the indoor (63 µg/m 3 ) and outdoor (86 µg/m 3 ) levels. The higher personal concentrations do not appear to be due to skin flakes or clothing fibres; many skin flakes were found on filters (up to an http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc214.htm Page 205 of 284 6/1/2007
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