Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT There are only limited data on the size ranges for airborne allergen particles from dogs, rabbits, rats and other animals. In general, however, saliva sources tend to be small (
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT same assay (Schou et al., 1991). For immunochemical analysis, the dust sample is extracted (e.g., in a buffered saline solution), and then stored frozen until analysis. The ELISA assays for Fel d I and Can f I were found to be highly reproducible (Chapman et al., 1988; Schou et al., 1992). For the Bla g I and Bla g II ELISA assays the intra- and interassay variability were also found to be small (Pollart et al., 1991b). 9.3.4 Typical allergen concentrations Cat and dog allergens have been reported more often than allergens from other mammals. Homes with cats have dust levels of Fel d I exceeding 10 µg/g, whereas homes without cats have typically less than 1 µg/g. A provisional value of 8 µg/g of dust has been proposed as indicating significant exposure. Cat antigen has been found in dust samples collected in theatres, offices, aeroplanes, schools and homes without a cat. Because of its small particle size, cat antigen can stick to clothing and be transported to other locations. Dog allergens have not been as extensively examined for non-residential sites. Dybendal et al. (1989) has reported that dog allergen was present in homes and schools where dogs were not kept. 9.4 Fungi Fungi are a large and diverse class of microorganisms. They live on organic nutrients and have no chlorophyll or internal organs. The cells that make up fungal colonies contain complex carbohydrate macromolecules. Fungi must produce spores or conidia for their reproduction. Spores are usually 2-20 µm in size and oblong in shape. In the appropriate setting, spores reproduce new organisms. The two different approaches to assess the exposure to fungal particles are air sampling and dust sampling. For completeness, other approaches to "dust" sampling include lifting spores from a surface with sticky tape or direct contact with culture agar. The most commonly used approach is air sampling of culturable (viable) fungal particles. 9.4.1 Air sampling for fungi Several techniques have been described for volumetric sampling of fungi in outdoor and indoor environments. Table 32 presents an overview of the techniques most commonly used for the sampling of fungal particles. Detailed information on the different sampling devices can be found in ACGIH (1995). Some of the techniques give total counts of all airborne particles, viable and non-viable, whereas others only give counts of viable fungal particles (e.g., propagules or colony forming units (CFU)). A few methods are discussed that provide not only total counts, but also viable counts (e.g., filter samplers). The sampling efficacy of a bioaerosol sampler is both a physical and a biological problem. For air sampling of fungal particles the following physical sampling principles may be distinguished: impaction on to a solid or semi-solid surface (e.g., a culture medium or an adhesive), centrifugal impaction, filtration and liquid impingement. Impaction on to a culture medium (e.g., for culturable fungi) is the most widely used technique, particularly in non-industrial indoor http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 159 of 284 6/1/2007
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