Environmental Health Criteria 214

More documents

Recommendations

Info

HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT impactor is determined by the flow rate, jet size and shape (e.g., the distance between the jet and the impaction surface) (Pastuska, 1988; Lehtimäki & Willeke, 1993). The air flow rate must be calibrated carefully because correct size selection depends largely on precise flow rates. Filters are made either from fibre mats of glass, cellulose or quartz or from synthetic membranes (e.g., Teflon). The selection of appropriate filters depends on the pump, filter static pressure, collection efficiency, extraction and analytical requirements, and the potential for sampling artefacts. Filter mass is determined by weighing the filter under controlled temperature and humidity conditions before and after use following a conditioning period of at least 24 h at those same conditions. The collected mass can be extracted and analysed for chemical composition. The extraction and analysis procedures used depend on the analytes of interest. A recent summary of methods for extraction and analysis of components of particulate matter may be found in Koutrakis & Sioutas (1996). 7.2.3 Semivolatile compounds For airborne contaminants that are present in both the particle and the vapour phase at typical environmental conditions, it is necessary to use a combination of sampling methods. The most common approach consists of an aerosol sampling inlet (with or without size preselector) followed by a sorbent cartridge or tube. Examples of such contaminants include airborne PAHs, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxins and furans. Semivolatile sampling systems are commercially available for personal air monitoring. Extraction and analysis of these samples are done separately for the particle and vapour phase and then the results are combined to provide a total concentration. An introduction to sampling and analysis methods for VOCs in air may be found in Binkova et al. (1995), Wallace & Hites (1996), Wallace et al. (1996) and Simonich & Hites (1997). 7.2.4 Reactive gas monitoring Certain gases present in air may react with chemicals present in particles. For example, sulfuric acid particles collected on filters can be neutralized by the ammonia gas present in the sample or air stream. The preferred sampling approach to avoid this is to use a denuder to remove the reactive gas before it reaches the downstream filter. In the case of sulfuric acid monitoring, a citric-acid-coated denuder is used to remove the ammonia gas. Small denuder systems are commercially available for personal monitors. Denuder technologies are described in Lodge (1988) and Koutrakis & Sioutas (1996). 7.3 Water The sampling and analysis of drinking-water characterizes the extent to which this carrier medium represents a source of specific chemical exposure. Contaminated drinking-water supplies contribute to the human intake of numerous chemical contaminants, including heavy metals, fertilizers, pesticides, aromatic hydrocarbons and organohalogens, among others. In some cases, drinking-water may be the primary source of human exposure. Chemical pollutants in water may originate from one or more of a myriad of sources, as summarized in Table 25. In the selection of measurement and sampling methods, it is important to consider raw water sources, water treatment processes, and distribution and service systems, all of which can either reduce http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 126 of 284 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT or increase the contaminant concentrations in drinking-water. Samples collected at the end of the distribution system provide a better measure of potential exposure to individuals than samples collected at the source prior to any removal or treatment that might take place. Numerous texts detail sampling and analytical techniques specific to drinking-water, and these methods can be used to develop comprehensive exposure assessment protocols (UNEP/WHO, 1986; WHO, 1992,1993). Table 25. Origins of chemicals commonly occurring in drinking-water (Hickman Substances affecting the source (raw water) "Naturally occurring" Leached from geological formati Derived from soil and sediments Pollutants derived from point sources Domestic sewage treatment (e.g. Industrial effluents (e.g., syn Landfill waste disposal (e.g., Pollutants derived from non-point sources Agricultural run-off (e.g., fer Urban run-off (e.g., salt, PAHs Atmospheric fall-out (e.g., PAH Substances resulting from treatment Substances formed during disinfection Trihalomethanes, chlorophenols Treatment chemicals Chloramines, fluorides Treatment chemical impurities Acrylamide monomer, carbon tetr Substances arising from the distribution and service systems Contaminants arising from contact with Lead, vinyl chloride monomer an construction material and protective coatings cadmium from fittings, PAHs fro Substances arising from point-of-use devices Sodium, silver In developing countries it is quite common for individuals not to have access to treated water from distribution systems, so analysing water quality solely from distribution systems may not provide a true reflection of exposure. Even if drinking-water is obtained from piped supplies, it may not provide an adequate indication of exposure as many individuals are forced to store water after collection, when gross contamination may occur. In some areas of the world, run-off water is routinely collected from roofs for drinking and cooking needs. Dustfall attributable to traffic, industry, or construction may contribute to variable (potentially high) pollutant concentrations in this source. Exposure to contaminants in water is not limited to oral routes. For instance, disinfection by-products and radon gas dissolved in groundwater may be released into an indoor atmosphere providing an inhalation route. Heating water also releases dissolved VOCs. Exposure to contaminants may also occur through inhalation of aerosols from http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 127 of 284 6/1/2007
Page 1 and 2:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT UNITED NA
Page 3 and 4:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PREAMBLE
Page 5 and 6:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 6.6.2. Un
Page 7 and 8:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 10.6.7. B
Page 9 and 10:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (iv) to p
Page 11 and 12:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Organizat
Page 13 and 14:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT WHO TASK
Page 15 and 16:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Dr M. You
Page 17 and 18:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Environme
Page 19 and 20:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT increase
Page 21 and 22:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT character
Page 23 and 24:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT include e
Page 25 and 26:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT http://ww
Page 27 and 28:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT the carri
Page 29 and 30:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT the ideal
Page 31 and 32:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT continuum
Page 33 and 34:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT as well a
Page 35 and 36:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT In regula
Page 37 and 38:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Results o
Page 39 and 40:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Risk miti
Page 41 and 42:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT trends of
Page 43 and 44:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Knowledge
Page 45 and 46:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT small tow
Page 47 and 48:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT * selecti
Page 49 and 50:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT provide s
Page 51 and 52:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT the water
Page 53 and 54:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Public po
Page 55 and 56:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT character
Page 57 and 58:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PbB PbF P
Page 59 and 60:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT values in
Page 61 and 62:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT lead meas
Page 63 and 64:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Continuou
Page 65 and 66:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT logarithm
Page 67 and 68:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT events in
Page 69 and 70:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT -1.751 0.
Page 71 and 72:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT one is a
Page 73 and 74:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT house dus
Page 75 and 76: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT PM 2.5 co
Page 77 and 78: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 4.5 Non-p
Page 79 and 80: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT season, r
Page 81 and 82: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Table 15.
Page 83 and 84: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Activity
Page 85 and 86: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Similarly
Page 87 and 88: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT local con
Page 89 and 90: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Environme
Page 91 and 92: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT for tempo
Page 93 and 94: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT devices,
Page 95 and 96: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Using a d
Page 97 and 98: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (gases an
Page 99 and 100: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Dermal ab
Page 101 and 102: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Models de
Page 103 and 104: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT partition
Page 105 and 106: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 6.6.1 Var
Page 107 and 108: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Probabili
Page 109 and 110: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT The ADD i
Page 111 and 112: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 7.1 Intro
Page 113 and 114: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT suitabili
Page 115 and 116: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Carbon mo
Page 117 and 118: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Samplin I
Page 119 and 120: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Table 22.
Page 121 and 122: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT TSI Flowr
Page 123 and 124: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 2 litre/m
Page 125: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Table 24.
Page 129 and 130: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Fluosilic
Page 131 and 132: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT dependent
Page 133 and 134: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT basket su
Page 135 and 136: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT reasonabl
Page 137 and 138: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT There are
Page 139 and 140: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT predesign
Page 141 and 142: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT field wou
Page 143 and 144: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT samples v
Page 145 and 146: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT dust to,
Page 147 and 148: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Choosing
Page 149 and 150: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT others sh
Page 151 and 152: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT sampling
Page 153 and 154: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT of house
Page 155 and 156: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Individua
Page 157 and 158: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT subject o
Page 159 and 160: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT same assa
Page 161 and 162: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT high-volu
Page 163 and 164: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Immunoche
Page 165 and 166: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 9.5.1 Air
Page 167 and 168: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT measureme
Page 169 and 170: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT By their
Page 171 and 172: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT possess a
Page 173 and 174: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT factors (
Page 175 and 176: HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Improved
Page 177 and 178:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT limited.
Page 179 and 180:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Media Che
Page 181 and 182:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT of venipu
Page 183 and 184:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Glands at
Page 185 and 186:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT breast-fe
Page 187 and 188:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT equipment
Page 189 and 190:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT only nume
Page 191 and 192:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT procedure
Page 193 and 194:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT clearly p
Page 195 and 196:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT The Shewh
Page 197 and 198:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT of statis
Page 199 and 200:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT as closel
Page 201 and 202:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT operation
Page 203 and 204:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT reports o
Page 205 and 206:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Indoor Ai
Page 207 and 208:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (calcium,
Page 209 and 210:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 1984; Akl
Page 211 and 212:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT chemilumi
Page 213 and 214:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT carried o
Page 215 and 216:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT beverages
Page 217 and 218:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Total 11
Page 219 and 220:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT of mean c
Page 221 and 222:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 30 µg/dl
Page 223 and 224:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT The shell
Page 225 and 226:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 12.5 Expo
Page 227 and 228:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT treatment
Page 229 and 230:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Aeration
Page 231 and 232:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT downwind
Page 233 and 234:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Governmen
Page 235 and 236:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Bercini D
Page 237 and 238:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Callahan
Page 239 and 240:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Centers f
Page 241 and 242:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Report of
Page 243 and 244:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Goldstein
Page 245 and 246:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT (1996) [E
Page 247 and 248:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Jimenez R
Page 249 and 250:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Seemayer
Page 251 and 252:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT carbon mo
Page 253 and 254:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT order sta
Page 255 and 256:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Lake, Nor
Page 257 and 258:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT effects o
Page 259 and 260:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Saraf A,
Page 261 and 262:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Silbergel
Page 263 and 264:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT retrospec
Page 265 and 266:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT UN ESCAP
Page 267 and 268:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT National
Page 269 and 270:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Wallace L
Page 271 and 272:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT WHO (1995
Page 273 and 274:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT RÉSUMÉ
Page 275 and 276:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT le point
Page 277 and 278:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT chercher
Page 279 and 280:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT tóxica a
Page 281 and 282:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT 6. Modeli
Page 283 and 284:
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT ambiental
show all

Environmental Health Criteria 214

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?