Environmental Health Criteria 214

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HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Continuous Electrochemical Devco Engineering CEA Instruments All based on conductivity c Sensidyne water due to ionization of Teledyne Bacharah Colorimetric Phillips Electronics Based on the reaction of th Instruments the reagent to produce a co product Each compound has a specifi CEA Instruments for its detection Potentiometric AIM Conductivity of the reagent proportion to the concentra Calibrated Instruments gas being sampled and is me by an electrode Eitel Manufacturing UV and visible Barringer Research Based on the correlation wi light photometers absorption spectra of SO 2 in Sensitivity 2 ppm UV and visible Beckman Instruments Based on the fluorescence o light photometers under UV light Table 24. (continued) Manufacturer Comments Page 124 of 284 Rosemount Analytical For SO 2 uses a non-dispersiv "transflectance" analysis Columbia Scientific Uses a continuous UV source intensity to detect SO 2 Passive Solid adsorbents Barneby Cheney Large number of chemicals a efficiently collected under variety of conditions Columbia Scientific Choice of adsorbent is desi Instruments maximize collection efficie retaining low selectivity Approximately 50 sorbent ty Draeger available; some are chemica to facilitate their collect Fischer Scientific properties Most tubes contain a primar section and a backup bed th Perkin Elmer used to indicate breakthrou http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm 6/1/2007
HUMAN EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT Table 24. (continued) 3M Require laboratory analysis SKC Supelco Westvaco Manufacturer Comments Active Annular denuders URG Different models can be use only gases or gases and par Especially used for acid ae H 2 SO 4 , HNO 3 , (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 HS 7.2.2 Aerosols At present, active sampling is the only feasible way to perform exposure assessments on particulates directly. Active particle samplers operate by drawing aerosols into a sensor or on to a collection surface (e.g., a filter) by means of a pump (Hinds, 1982; Lehtimäki & Willeke 1993). Large stationary samplers that operate with a standard flow rate of approximately 1000 litre/min are available commercially and are useful for collecting large sample volumes. Small stationary samplers that operate with flow rates in the range of 1-10 litre/min are also commercially available. Both sizes are available in configurations that allow for sampling of total suspended particulate matter (i.e., not size separated) or specific size fractions (e.g., PM 2.5 or PM 10 ). Personal aerosol samplers that allow collection of total inhalable particulate matter of specific size fractions are also available. The cyclone and, particularly, the impactor are the two most commonly used size preselectors. Cyclones can collect suspended particulate matter of various sizes depending on the geometry of the cyclone and the flow rate. It operates on the principle of centrifugal forces that drive particles in the direction of the outer wall of the cyclone (Hinds, 1982). Particles with aerodynamic diameter greater than the cut-point of the cyclone impact upon the wall and/or the bottom of the cyclone. Particles with aerodynamic diameter less than the cut-point remain in the air stream and are collected on a filter downstream. Impactors rely on inertial forces to separate particles based on aerodynamic diameter. Air is accelerated through a nozzle or jet and then forced to make a 90° turn around an impaction plate before passing through a filter and exiting the sampler. Depending on their size, particles suspended in the air stream pass through the acceleration nozzle and then either remain entrained in the flow or collide and are retained on the impaction plate. The cut-point of an http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc<strong>214</strong>.htm Page 125 of 284 6/1/2007
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