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336 CRAIG COOPER stability that comes to Italy and Sicily during the ascendancy of the Pythagoreans are not due to political factors but to the reception of the Pythagorean message which teaches that stasis and discord must by every means be removed from city and home as a disease from the body (fr. 17). The widespread insurrection that later arose against Pythagoras and the other Pythagoreans is reduced by Aristoxenos to a personal act of revenge carried out by Kylon. which the other states look on with indifference. 114 According to Aristoxenos' account, Kylon was rejected from Pythagorean society because of his violent and tyrannical nature (fr. 18). and as such he forms the antithesis of Simichos who freely embraced the Pythagorean ideal and laid aside tyranny. In keeping with his philosophical ideals. as he did at Samos. Pythagoras voluntarily withdrew to Metapontion long before the actual attack upon Milon's house and not as a consequence of it. This characterization of Pythagoras forces Aristoxenos to play down the tradition which told of widespread insurrection against the Pythagoreans in several cities of Italy (Plb. 2.39. Dik. fro 34). But on the whole Aristoxenos. like Dikaiarchos. works within the framework of the tradition: as Wehrli points out, it is historically possible. apart from the personal motivations which Aristoxenos gives. that the insurrection of Kylon was preceded by a long period of ineffectual opposition on the part of the Kylonians. 115 Aristoxenos has only reworked the tradition to emphasize a particular aspect of Pythagoras' philosophical character. but that is something that all biographers did and still do. To deny. as Arrighetti has. that Aristoxenos wrote biography is. I think. to ignore and prejudice what the ancients themselves regarded as biography and. worse yet. to impose on them our own perceptions of what makes biography. Biography. or at least certain kinds of biography. were about types and about ethics. To say a writer had partisan and ethical concerns should not mean that he did not and could not write biography: even Plutarch had these concerns and chose. as Aristoxenos before him. to rework or at least selectively retell history to emphasize his perception of an individual's type and character. We may. as Gomme,'16 regard Plutarch more as a moral essayist than a biographer. but Plutarch certainly knew what he was up to in writing bioi. and we can assume the same of Aristoxenos. His aim. as that of Dikaiarchos or Klearchos. may have been philosophical instruction. but what he produced. in the minds of ancient readers. were bioi, ac- 114 Wehrli II (r948) 52. 115 Wehrli II (1948) 52-53. 116 Gomme (1956) 54.
ARISTOXENOS AND PERIPA TETIC BIOGRAPHY 337 counts of lives from their beginning to their end. In this context J. 801lansee's comments about Hermippos. an important Hellenistic biographer. are salutary: "the concept of the faithful portrayal of a man's life and times was entirely foreign to Hermippos. "117 There is much in Hermippos' biography that would reflect more the work of an antiquarian than a biographer. But as Bollansee rightly notes (186), the problem is with us scholars who "have high expectations for. and make great demands on, a genre which on the surface bears some obvious similarity to its present-day counterpart ... but which in antiquity unquestionably served entirely different purposes." DEPARTMENT OF CLASSICS UNIVERSITY OF WINNIPEG WINNIPEG. MB R,JB 2Eg REFERENCES Arrighetti. G. 1964: "Satiro. vita di Euripide," seo 13. __. 197T "Fra erudizione e biografia." se026: 13---{)7. Bollansee. J. I 999a. Hermippos of Symrna and his Biographcial Writings: A Reappraisal. Leuven. __. I 999b. HermmipposofSymrna.FGrHist. IV A3. Leiden. Brink. K.O. 1946. "Callimachus and Aristotle: An inquiry into Callimachus' npOI nPAzlANHN." CQ40: 11-12. Burkert. W. 1972. Lore andScience in Ancient Pythagoreanism. Trans. E.L. Minai' Jr. German Original 1962. Weisheit und Wissenschaft Studien zu Pythagoras. Philolaos und Platon. Cambridge. MA. Conte. G.B. 1994. Genres and Readers: Lucretius. Love Elegy. Pliny's Encyclopedia. Trans. G. Most. Italian Original 1991. Generi e lettori: Lucrezio, J'eJegia d'amore. J'enciclopedia di PJinio. Baltimore. Cooper. C. 1992. The Development of the Biographical Tradition on the Athenian Orators in the HeJJenistic Period. Diss. British Columbia. Dihle. A. 1956. Studien zurgriechischen Biographie. AbhandJungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften Gdttingen. Philologisch-historische Klasse 37. Dover. K.J. 1988. "Anecdotes, gossip and scandal." in The Greeks and their Legacy: Collected Papers, Volume JI: Prose Literature, History, Society. Transmission. Influence. Oxford. Duff. T. 1999. Plutarch's Lives: Exploring Virtue and Vice. Oxford. Flower. M.A. 1994. Theopompus ofChios: History and Rhetoric in the Fourth Century B.C Oxford. Fortenbaugh, W.W. and Schiitmmpf. E.. eds. 2001. Dicaearchus of Messana: Text, Translation and Discussion. Rutgers University Studies in Classical Humani- 117 Bollansee (1999a) 185.
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