Tungíase: doença negligenciada causando patologia grave

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Tropical Medicine and International Health volume 15 no 7 pp 856–864 july 2010 L. Ariza et al. Rapid community assessment of tungiasis Ngoumou P, Walsh JF & Mace JM (1994) A rapid mapping technique for the prevalence and distribution of onchocerciasis: a Cameroon case study. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology 88, 463–474. Njeumi F, Nsangou C, Ndjend AG et al. (2002) Tunga penetrans au Cameroun. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 153, 177–180. Pilger D, Schwalfenberg S, Heukelbach J et al. (2008) Controlling Tungiasis in an Impoverished Community: An Intervention Study. PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 2, e324. Ratovonjato J, Randriambelosoa J & Robert V (2008) Tunga penetrans (Insecta, Siphonaptera, Tungidae) à Madagascar: une nuisance négligée. Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire 159, 551–556. Red Urine Study Group (1995) Identification of High-Risk Communities for Schistosomiasis in Africa: A Multicountry Study. World Health Organization, Geneva. Tonge BL (1989) Tetanus from chigger flea sores. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 35, 94. Ugbomoiko US, Ofoezie IE & Heukelbach J (2007) Tungiasis: high prevalence, parasite load, and morbidity in a rural community in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Dermatology 46, 475–481. Ugbomoiko US, Ariza L & Heukelbach J (2008) A case of severe tungiasis in Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and Health 36, 111–113. Ugbomoiko US, Dalumo V, Ariza L et al. (2009) A simple approach improving the performance of urine reagent strips for rapid diagnosis of urinary schistosomiasis in Nigerian schoolchildren. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104, 456–461. Vlassoff C & Tanner M (1992) The relevance of rapid assessment to health research and interventions. Health Policy and Planning 7, 1–9. Weerasooriya MV, Isogai Y, Itoh M et al. (2008) Distribution of filarial elephantiasis and hydrocele in Matara district, Sri Lanka, as reported by local leaders, and an immunological survey in areas with relatively high clinical rates. Parasitology International 57, 390–395. Whitworth JA & Gemade E (1999) Independent evaluation of onchocerciasis rapid assessment methods in Benue State, Nigeria. Tropical Medicine and International Health 4, 26–30. WHO (1993) A Manual for Rapid Epidemiological Mapping of Onchocerciasis. (Report Number TDR ⁄ TDE ⁄ ONCHO ⁄ 93.4). World Health Organization, Geneva. WHO (1995) The Schistosomiasis Manual. World Health Organization, Geneva. Wilcke T, Heukelbach J, Cesar Saboia Moura R et al. (2002) High prevalence of tungiasis in a poor neighbourhood in Fortaleza, Northeast Brazil. Acta Tropica 83, 255–258. Corresponding Author Jörg Heukelbach, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes 1608, 5. andar, Fortaleza CE 60430-140, Brazil. Tel.: +55 85 33668045; Fax: +55 85 33668050; E-mail: heukelbach@web.de 864 ª 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Short Reports African corporate executives, 6 using the same ATP III criteria. This is probably because the latter study was purely on corporate executives who were already likely to be at risk of developing the syndrome due to the sedentary nature of their jobs. However, our subjects were unselected. Although the frequency of abdominal obesity in our women (67.3%) is comparable to the 62.1% reported in African American women in the USA, 5 the higher frequency of metabolic syndrome in our female subjects (30.4%) is possibly as a result of the fact that they had a significantly higher frequency of low HDL-c compared to the male subjects. Using the ATP III criteria, Gupta et al. also reported a higher prevalence rate of 47.8% in women compared to 36.2% in men. 8 Our results show that the odds of having the syndrome are increased in women and in the presence of generalized obesity, systolic or diastolic hypertension. Also, the risk is increased about eight-fold in those with a history of diabetes mellitus and impaired fasting glucose increased the odds by about seven-fold. These findings underline the need to take a holistic approach in the management of patients with any cardiovascular risk factor as the presence of one may be a pointer to their having an underlying metabolic syndrome. To stem the tide of this non-communicable health condition, we need to provide health education at all levels. As prevention is paramount, there is a need to promote a healthy lifestyle in our communities, including heart-healthy diets and increased physical activity. References 1 Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. An American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005;112:2735–52 2 Dekker JM, Girman C, Rhodes T, et al. Metabolic syndrome and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk in the Hoorn Study. Circulation 2005;112:666–73 3 Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Final report. Circulation 2002;106:3143–421 4 Aguilar-Salinas CA, Rojas R, Gomez-Perez FJ, et al. High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Mexico. Arch Med Res 2004;35:76–81 5 Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356–9 6 Ker JA, Rheeder P, Tonder RV. Frequency of the metabolic syndrome in screened South African corporate executives. Cardiovasc J South Afr 2007;18:30–3 7 McNamara JR, Schaefer EJ. Automated enzymatic standardized lipid analyses for plasma and lipid lipoprotein fractions. Clin Chim Acta 1987;166:1–8 8 Gupta R, Sarna M, Thanvi J, Rastogi P, Kaul V, Gupta VP. High prevalence of multiple coronary risk factors in Punjabi Bhatia community: Jaipur Heart Watch-3. Ind Heart J 2004; 56:646–52 Pigs are the most important animal reservoir forTunga penetrans ( jigger flea) in rural Nigeria Uade S Ugbomoiko MSc PhD* Liana Ariza MPH † Jorg Heukelbach MD PhD ‡§ *Department of Zoology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria; † Post-Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará; ‡ Department of Community Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil; § School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia Correspondence to: Professor J Heukelbach, Departamento de Saúde Comunitária, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Rua Prof. Costa Mendes 1608, 5 andar, Fortaleza CE 60430-140, Brazil Email: heukelbach@web.de TROPICAL DOCTOR 2008; 38: 226–227 DOI: 10.1258/td.2007.070352 SUMMARY We examined the domestic animals and rodents in a community in rural Nigeria. Of the133 animals examined, 29 (21.8%) were infested, the highest prevalence of infestation and highest parasite load was found in the pigs (prevalence 54.8%, median ¼ nine embedded parasites), followed by dogs (45.5%; median ¼ 4), Rattus rattus (29.4%; median ¼ 2) and Mus minutoides (15.4%; median ¼ 1.5). Of all the tungiasis lesions identified 83% were found in pigs. Our data confirm that tungiasis is a zoonotic disease, and that pigs are its most important animal reservoir in this endemic community. Introduction Tungiasis is a parasitic skin disease caused by the jigger flea Tunga penetrans. The disease is present in resource-poor communities in Central and South America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. 1 Domestic animals, such as pigs, dogs and cats have been repeatedly considered as important animal reservoirs, but data are scarce. 2 – 5 A recently conducted community-based study in rural Nigeria revealed a high prevalence of tungiasis (45%) in the human population. A particular high parasite load was found in children and the elderly, and considerable morbidity caused by the infestation. 6 The most important independent risk factor for tungiasis, identified by another epidemiological investigation in that area, was the presence of pigs in a household (adjusted odds ratio ¼ 18), with a populationattributable fraction of 38%. 7 We investigated tungiasis in domestic animals and rodents in this endemic community in order to describe the importance of domestic animals and rodents as a reservoir for T. penetrans. Material and methods The study was carried out during the dry season in Erekiti, a rural community located about 50 km west of the city of 226 Tropical Doctor October 2008, 38
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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO CEARÁ FACU
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LIANA DE MOURA ARIZA UM NOVO MÉTOD
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RESUMO Introdução: Existe pouco c
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LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1: Macho e
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LISTA DE TABELAS Tabela 1: Caracter
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SUMÁRIO RESUMO ...................
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1 - INTRODUÇÃO 1.1 - TUNGÍASE A
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Após a penetração na epiderme, a
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No fim do século XIX, a pulga caus
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ARIZA et al., 2007; HEUKELBACH et a
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Figure 6: Múltiplas lesões nas m
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inflamação grave observada após
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A incidência, prevalência e carga
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Figura 11: Planta dos pés de uma m
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1953; PAMPIGLIONE et al., 1998; SIL
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eivindicada como tratamento eficaz
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1.2 - MÉTODOS EPIDEMIOLOGICOS RÁP
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1.4 - HIPÓTESE A presença de pelo
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3 - MATERIAL E MÉTODOS O presente
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3.1.1 - Comunidades brasileiras O M
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Figura 15: Vila pesqueira de Balbin
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total em torno de 240.000 pessoas (
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Figura 20: Comunidade pesqueira de
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(d) presença de uma casca preta pl
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Tanto em Yovoyan como em Okunilage,
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o Prevalência grave verdadeira = [
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Toda pesquisa deve ser conduzida co
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Em torno de 60% da população era
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A presença de animais domésticos
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Em geral, a distribuição da preva
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Dos 142 indivíduos infestados nas
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4.1.4 - Sinais e sintomas associado
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4.2 - MÉTODO EPIDEMIOLÓGICO RÁPI
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Figura 27: Prevalência por grupos
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Tabela 13: Verdadeiras prevalência
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Figura 31: Gráfico de dispersão e
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Tabela 14: Coeficiente de determina
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Tabela 15: Prevalências da área p
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