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A1.5.4 October and November 1996: John Howard enters history/culture wars debates as Prime Minister. In many ways, the history/culture wars debates and associated neo-conservative views of Australian history and culture can be viewed as a key defining issue of Howard’s eleven years as Prime Minister. He expressed his views on Australian history prior to his election victory in March 1996, and continued with the same conservative, Three cheers view throughout his three terms; influencing and in many ways defining the nature of the associated debates, assisted by a large number of conservative journalists and commentators in the mainstream press, who are ideologically aligned with Howard. It was during his first nine months as prime minister, that Howard first started using the term originally coined by Blainey in 1993, the “black armband view of Australia history” (Howard, 1996, p. 6158.). It is regarding Blainey’s speech that Sally Warhaft writes retrospectively, What he described as ‘historical realism’ was subject to unprecedented attack, although his 1993 speech on ‘The black armband view of history’ attracted little attention until Prime Minister John Howard borrowed the phrase three years later. Then it ‘took off like a rocket’ and entered the vernacular, although its originator contends that most of its critics ‘had no idea what it signified’. (2004, pp. 267-8) It is during two key speeches delivered two weeks apart, that the black armband term was used by Howard, quickly appropriated by both sides of the debates in the history/culture wars to assert their viewpoints on which perspectives and versions of Australia’s past should be remembered. The first use of the term was on Wednesday, October 30 in the House of Representatives, where in introducing four statements affirming Australia’s racial tolerance and equity (developed as a bipartisanship undertaking) and in one further point specifically denouncing racial intolerance, and perhaps channeling a distinct opposing view of former Prime Minister Keating, Howard stated: ...I profoundly reject with the same vigour what others have described, and I have adopted the description, as the black armband view of Australian history. I believe the balance sheet of Australian history is a very generous and benign one. I believe that, like any other nation, we have black marks upon our history but amongst the nations of the world we have a remarkably positive history. I think there is a yearning in the Australian community right across the political divide for its leaders to enunciate more pride and sense of achievement in 460
what has gone before us. I think we have been too apologetic about our history in the past. I think we have been far too self-conscious about what this country has achieved and I believe it is tremendously important that we understand...that the Australian achievement has been a heroic one, a courageous one and a humanitarian one. Any attempts to denigrate that achievement I believe will derive the justifiable ire and criticism of the Australian community, however people may lie in the political spectrum. (1996a, p. 6158, emphasis added) The sentiment of this statement, supported by then-Opposition Leader Kim Beazley through a parliamentary response, was repeated two weeks later by Howard at the 1996 Menzies’ Lecture. During his speech on this occasion, Howard was overt with his criticism of Keating and as newly elected Prime Minister established his difference from the former Prime Minister on the issue of Australian history (for a more detailed overview of Keating’s perspectives in the early years of the history/culture wars than what this overview provides, consult Brawley, 1997). Also of importance, during this time period, ultra conservative politician, Pauline Hanson had been elected to Parliament House. Her provocative, reactionary statements on Asian immigration and Indigenous Australian rights and social justice issues had caused a national debate which in turn gained significant international attention. In view of the immediate past events (Paul Keating’s defeat) and current events (rise of race debates which attracted significant numbers of disgruntled conservatives), Howard stated, I have spoken tonight of the need to guard against the re-writing of Australian political history... There is, of course, a related and broader challenge involved. And that is to ensure that our history as a nation is not written definitively by those who take the view that Australians should apologise for most of it. This 'black arm band' view of our past reflects a belief that most Australian history since 1788 has been little more than a disgraceful story of imperialism, exploitation, racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination. 461
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University of Southern Queensland C
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Certification of Dissertation I cer
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for and receive a scholarship so th
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5.4 Category 1: Privileging British
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List of Figures Figure 3.1 Structur
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Appendices Appendix A: Contexts…
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through The Courier Mail, as well a
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A syllabus in the Queensland school
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after World War I (WWI); the Austra
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Settler and Savage: One hundred yea
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3. What discourses of British Herit
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Howard in 2007; arguably a point in
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2.1.2 Key concepts and terms. As wi
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Giroux & Purpel, 1983; Whitty, 1985
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that Bruner mentions are prepositio
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kind of private property handed dow
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The information presented thus far
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English (AATE) used an editorial of
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2.3 Defining Textbooks One importan
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textbooks are...a very important ve
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which the learner is subject, but t
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Although Issitt (2004) contends tha
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intended set of learnings are infor
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Moving to focus on those who hold r
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parameters of the terms of the deba
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Similarly, Woodfin asserts “in es
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1996, pp. 8-9). Luke further discus
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powerful groups may also otherwise
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2.7.1 Theories of national identity
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understood as part of a broader str
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significance (either implicitly or
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…in the established nations, ther
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The ‘history wars’ in Australia
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In academia, the move is away from
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and its internal and external other
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Whilst this may be an extreme examp
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conducted for this project due to t
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Table 2.2 The Two Traditions of His
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puts emphasis on the celebration of
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emaining the same throughout. Stude
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As one of few (current) educators i
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A researcher bricoleur carefully se
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approaches. What bricolage does off
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and modification” (Reitstaetter,
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icolage, interpretive bricolage, po
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approaches, processes of further en
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historical studies and more (see, f
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A criticism made by Blommaert that
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The lens of CDA is used to gain ins
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with the bricolage approach adapted
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In his examination of American hist
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considered and, where relevant, ove
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the…analysis of political discour
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avoids the ‘Bad King John/Good Qu
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2005, p. 5). Due to placing visual
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(1995-1996, p. 5). Increasingly, st
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term memories, and the power nation
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When we attempt to answer the quest
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In academia, the move is away from
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Historians operating in the critica
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for the purposes of this project, i
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get the job done to the satisfactio
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the project, enabled through a refl
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challenging task of the reflection
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understand the relationship the res
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establishing the trustworthiness of
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publishing company for Queensland s
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of direct light, so that they could
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o Queensland based authors are ofte
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selection, resulting in as comprehe
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• “1. Focus upon a social probl
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contextualised in the wider study,
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Dijk as “knowledge, attitudes and
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136
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a type of ‘neutral’ fact-sheet
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across the three distinct eras focu
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stories by authors such as Arthur C
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opposes the notion that a person is
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Given the clear recollections of sc
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5.2 Education Context This section
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following passage taken from the pr
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5.2.3 Key textbooks and related sch
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Mariners of England a poem written
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Source 5.3. Chapter II: The Britons
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the largest for British heritages,
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stands for the country itself and t
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Source 5.4. The Flag of the Empire
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Australasia appears in a number of
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demands. But if they spoke with a u
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5.8.1 Discourses of legitimizing th
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practical example: Australia’s pa
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Although often mediated through the
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which were, at the time, very emoti
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Source 5.6. Front cover of Anzac Da
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5.9 Intersections of British Herita
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Australia contains further signific
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Source 5.7. Extract from Preface to
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Furthermore, the use of primary sou
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“…playing fast and loose with t
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Australia experienced a growing str
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Separate State responsibility has l
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The two examples above, although br
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It was in the 1952 syllabus that th
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(b) Australian Aborigines. (Departm
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However, due to the wide distributi
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matter in a fresh and interesting w
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textbooks published in the early to
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Source 6.3. A sample project sheet
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narratives of so-named British expl
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This image, like many of the narrat
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killed by Indigenous Australians; E
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possibly unintended message that th
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Source 6.10. “Natives” extract
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Source 6.11. “King was saved” e
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Indigenous Australians is linked wi
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one Indigenous person. There is a v
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Source 6.15. Batman Treaty and Gove
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Indigenous Australian interactions
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Source 6.18. “Jacky’s Sad Story
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Australians in history narratives.
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comments that bring together the va
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6.5 Category 2: Frontier Conflicts
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6.5.2 Discourses of eye-witness acc
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places where the natives were treat
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Source 6.24. Frontier Conflicts ext
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6.6 Category 3: Tasmanian Indigenou
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emoval of the captured aboriginals
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Some emotion is attributed to this
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6.6.4 Discourses of criminality. Vi
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in Source 6.28, they are both male,
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emerging respect for different know
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exploration of the Western Australi
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group: “naked”; “In the ten t
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Source 6.31. “The Last of His Tri
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Source 6.32. “Corroboree” in Sc
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Source 6.33. Typical portrayal of T
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1962, p. 214). Attributing negative
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Source 6.35. “The Referendum of 1
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inclusion of Indigenous Australians
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foreground of the image, but it is
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Indigenous Australians are still re
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Source 6.40. “An Australian Fairy
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Indigenous woman which, although co
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They hold that the bush and all it
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attention and make learning Social
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Department of Education, 1960/1963,
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secondary school level this textboo
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history of Tasmania through various
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Social Studies for Queensland schoo
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al., 1969, p. 166), where Indigenou
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290
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Source 7.1. Extract from Introducti
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In the lead up to and in the year o
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Newton. The lyrics portray a multic
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1988 Bicentennial, clearly marking
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Demonstrating the progressive move
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It is important that students have
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such as Case studies in Australian
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Our hope is that students using the
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Source 7.10. “Settlement in Austr
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Source 7.12. Dampier extracts from
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making roles. Particularly in some
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Source 7.17. Classroom moiety syste
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Source 7.19. Yiwara “special obli
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suggestions on how teachers are to
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As demonstrated in Source 7.23, thi
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Source 7.28. “The first Australia
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settlement. However, documents reve
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of the early interactions between T
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Given that this textbook was publis
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overtly, as the issues of land righ
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The Wave Hill walkout, covering the
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textbook author is presenting for s
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Crossroads: Imperialism and race re
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Source 7.42. Vincent Lingiari’s n
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Australia’s referenda history—w
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Source 7.45 demonstrates that throu
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of Indigenous Australian cultures.
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the 42 page unit of work in a textb
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Source 7.53. Continuity of Indigeno
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in conjunction with non-Indigenous
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Source 7.57. Activity ideas for Nat
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Unit 3: Modern Australia emerges co
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demonstrate, even at a minor and in
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students are exposed to no aspects
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first Australians and I’m an Aust
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eing taught until the upper primary
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which details the setting up of a c
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7.67. Two examples in particular sh
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unlike other textbooks which discus
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However, although this statement wa
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fear of Japan, that the Australian
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Australia in both WWI and WWII. The
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Source 7.73. Treaty of Versailles e
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The Australian government realized
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Task 41: Australian foreign policy
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enemy threatening to invade our sho
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following statement: “Political l
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“doomed to failure”; “finally
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So strong are the stories of the Ga
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Moving beyond a simplistic discours
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Nationalists, opposed to the Britis
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This demonstrates the importance Gr
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entered mainstream public conscious
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explains the purpose of including T
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Source 7.95. “Pupil information s
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terminology of European is stated w
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7.23.6 Representations of British h
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406
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findings of the analysis through ar
Page 424 and 425: curriculum in such a way that the h
Page 426 and 427: (and at times former dominant disco
Page 428 and 429: natives and often gave them present
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Page 432 and 433: understanding? This last point is o
Page 434 and 435: 420
Page 436 and 437: and functional perspectives on time
Page 438 and 439: Collins, C., & Knight, S. (2006). E
Page 440 and 441: Department of Public Instruction. (
Page 442 and 443: Fiske, J., Hodge, B., & Turner, G.
Page 444 and 445: Henderson, G. (2008b, August 12). N
Page 446 and 447: Kitson, J. (Interviewer), & Malouf,
Page 448 and 449: Melleuish, G. (1998). The packaging
Page 450 and 451: Roberts, M. (2004). Postmodernism a
Page 452 and 453: van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Semiotics a
Page 454 and 455: 440
Page 456 and 457: 442
Page 458 and 459: particular, this includes taking on
Page 460 and 461: The mapping of these debates conclu
Page 462 and 463: A1.1.4 Terminology. The term histor
Page 464 and 465: The similarities of the debates acr
Page 466 and 467: over...an overrun of divisive multi
Page 468 and 469: political cartoon satirist, Peter N
Page 470 and 471: A1.5.1 April 23, 1993: Geoffrey Bla
Page 472 and 473: After an initial furor, this curric
Page 476 and 477: I take a very different view. I bel
Page 478 and 479: history/culture wars in the public
Page 480 and 481: parallels between ideologies presen
Page 482 and 483: into “politically correct new age
Page 484 and 485: Root and branch renewal of history
Page 486 and 487: Further in his lecture, Manne then
Page 488 and 489: Throughout the years that the histo
Page 490 and 491: A people with a sense of a fair go
Page 492 and 493: "There's real anger about that," ag
Page 494 and 495: Instead, from the nation's Parliame
Page 496 and 497: asis for critical (and often deriso
Page 498 and 499: valid reasons for living and hoping
Page 500 and 501: “centrally prescribed curriculum
Page 502 and 503: elativism in school curriculum, spe
Page 504 and 505: supporting PM Howard’s call for a
Page 506 and 507: The politicisation of the curriculu
Page 508 and 509: Government in the rundown to the en
Page 510 and 511: oversimplified and shallow analysis
Page 512 and 513: than the combination of history, ge
Page 514 and 515: Language used by opponents of the c
Page 516 and 517: invades school curriculum” (Lane,
Page 518 and 519: 504
Page 520 and 521: 506
Page 522 and 523: Appendix D: Sample Data Analyses Ti
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(p. 110) Passage 6: (pp. 110-111) P
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probably good that this was not cas
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Overall, a very unemotional account
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