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over...an overrun of divisive multicultural rhetoric” (Montgomery, 2005, p. 429, emphasis added). Creating links between public debates and school curriculum has also featured in recent times in Malaysia. Although Cullip’s research focuses mainly on structures of language within a school textbook, he does broaden his scope to connect non-school understandings of history to that found in Malaysian textbooks by writing, ...to make history work as a ‘discipline’, the building and organization of its meanings would need to take place with minimal contest from nationalistic and paternalistic forces...Reform, if serious, must recognize the trade-offs that will need to be made between disciplinary and pedagogical objectives and conservative ideological and socio-political motivations and purposes. This will be the dilemma for a rapidly-changing society struggling with the accommodation of diverse ideologies, and purposes. (Cullip, 2007, p. 210) What has been presented here is a very brief overview of an emerging field of study, particularly of interest to researchers in the field of functional linguistics and CDA. There are many more examples of the application of school History textbook content to specific, narrowly focused public debates, such as Tampke’s (2006) investigation of modern German history; Moughrabi’s (2001) link to Palestinian history; and Foster and Crawford’s (2006) collection of research essays from a diverse range of nations addressing contemporary issues of national identities within textbooks. A1.4 Major Shifts in the History/Culture Wars Two distinct sides of the history/cultures wars debates are encapsulated through the following statements by leading commentators, historian Geoffrey Blainey (see quote on page 440) and former Labor Prime Minister, Paul Keating. Those who militantly defend the conservative orthodoxy in Australia see all change as an affront to the past, especially their view of the past. Whereas, knowing the past and seeing it for what it is with all its blemishes, allows us to divine our destiny for our appointment with reality. Paul Keating, Keating’s history wars, 5 September 2003 (Keating, 2003, p. 2). 452
Major shifts in the history/culture wars are depicted in Figure A1.2: Timeline of major shifts in the history/culture wars 1993-2008. Criteria for the identification and selection of these major shifts are: 1. When a new point or perspective entered the public domain; and 2. When this point received widespread response; including 3. Key people who have consistently been part of the ongoing debate. 4. Major political events that are seen to contribute to the continuation, proliferation or end of the history/culture wars; and/or 5. School contexts (including those related to curriculum) seen to be impacted by debates. Figure A1.1: History Wars Keating Manning Clark Blainey. Leading up to the Black Armband speech, where Blainey called for a “swing of the pendulum” (Blainey, 2005, p. 32), national history had already entered public imagination with discussion influenced by, amongst many other things, the following issues: Australia’s 1988 bicentennial celebrations; Paul Keating’s 1993 Redfern address; and Manning Clark’s publications on Australian history in the decade leading up to the 1988 bicentennial. So, although Blainey’s speech provides a starting point for the history/culture wars, it can be seen within a larger socio-political national context, the three significant issues mentioned (although not necessarily directly influencing this speech) form part of the larger discourse that this speech influenced and ignited the history/culture wars. Between the major shifts of the history/culture wars, debate momentum was sustained in the main from continued media, political and general public interest. Representing the two sides of the debate were Manning Clark and Paul Keating on the politically left or ‘Black armband’ side and John Howard and Geoffrey Blainey on the politically right or ‘Three cheers’ side, depicted by well-known 453
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University of Southern Queensland C
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Certification of Dissertation I cer
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for and receive a scholarship so th
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5.4 Category 1: Privileging British
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List of Figures Figure 3.1 Structur
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Appendices Appendix A: Contexts…
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through The Courier Mail, as well a
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A syllabus in the Queensland school
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after World War I (WWI); the Austra
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Settler and Savage: One hundred yea
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3. What discourses of British Herit
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Howard in 2007; arguably a point in
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2.1.2 Key concepts and terms. As wi
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Giroux & Purpel, 1983; Whitty, 1985
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that Bruner mentions are prepositio
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kind of private property handed dow
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The information presented thus far
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English (AATE) used an editorial of
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2.3 Defining Textbooks One importan
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textbooks are...a very important ve
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which the learner is subject, but t
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Although Issitt (2004) contends tha
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intended set of learnings are infor
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Moving to focus on those who hold r
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parameters of the terms of the deba
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Similarly, Woodfin asserts “in es
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1996, pp. 8-9). Luke further discus
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powerful groups may also otherwise
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2.7.1 Theories of national identity
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understood as part of a broader str
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significance (either implicitly or
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…in the established nations, ther
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The ‘history wars’ in Australia
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In academia, the move is away from
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and its internal and external other
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Whilst this may be an extreme examp
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conducted for this project due to t
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Table 2.2 The Two Traditions of His
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puts emphasis on the celebration of
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emaining the same throughout. Stude
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As one of few (current) educators i
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A researcher bricoleur carefully se
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approaches. What bricolage does off
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and modification” (Reitstaetter,
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icolage, interpretive bricolage, po
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approaches, processes of further en
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historical studies and more (see, f
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A criticism made by Blommaert that
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The lens of CDA is used to gain ins
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with the bricolage approach adapted
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In his examination of American hist
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considered and, where relevant, ove
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the…analysis of political discour
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avoids the ‘Bad King John/Good Qu
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2005, p. 5). Due to placing visual
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(1995-1996, p. 5). Increasingly, st
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term memories, and the power nation
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When we attempt to answer the quest
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In academia, the move is away from
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Historians operating in the critica
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for the purposes of this project, i
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get the job done to the satisfactio
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the project, enabled through a refl
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challenging task of the reflection
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understand the relationship the res
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establishing the trustworthiness of
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publishing company for Queensland s
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of direct light, so that they could
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o Queensland based authors are ofte
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selection, resulting in as comprehe
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• “1. Focus upon a social probl
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contextualised in the wider study,
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Dijk as “knowledge, attitudes and
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136
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a type of ‘neutral’ fact-sheet
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across the three distinct eras focu
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stories by authors such as Arthur C
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opposes the notion that a person is
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Given the clear recollections of sc
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5.2 Education Context This section
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following passage taken from the pr
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5.2.3 Key textbooks and related sch
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Mariners of England a poem written
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Source 5.3. Chapter II: The Britons
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the largest for British heritages,
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stands for the country itself and t
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Source 5.4. The Flag of the Empire
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Australasia appears in a number of
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demands. But if they spoke with a u
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5.8.1 Discourses of legitimizing th
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practical example: Australia’s pa
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Although often mediated through the
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which were, at the time, very emoti
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Source 5.6. Front cover of Anzac Da
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5.9 Intersections of British Herita
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Australia contains further signific
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Source 5.7. Extract from Preface to
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Furthermore, the use of primary sou
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“…playing fast and loose with t
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Australia experienced a growing str
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Separate State responsibility has l
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The two examples above, although br
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It was in the 1952 syllabus that th
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(b) Australian Aborigines. (Departm
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However, due to the wide distributi
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matter in a fresh and interesting w
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textbooks published in the early to
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Source 6.3. A sample project sheet
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narratives of so-named British expl
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This image, like many of the narrat
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killed by Indigenous Australians; E
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possibly unintended message that th
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Source 6.10. “Natives” extract
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Source 6.11. “King was saved” e
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Indigenous Australians is linked wi
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one Indigenous person. There is a v
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Source 6.15. Batman Treaty and Gove
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Indigenous Australian interactions
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Source 6.18. “Jacky’s Sad Story
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Australians in history narratives.
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comments that bring together the va
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6.5 Category 2: Frontier Conflicts
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6.5.2 Discourses of eye-witness acc
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places where the natives were treat
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Source 6.24. Frontier Conflicts ext
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6.6 Category 3: Tasmanian Indigenou
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emoval of the captured aboriginals
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Some emotion is attributed to this
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6.6.4 Discourses of criminality. Vi
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in Source 6.28, they are both male,
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emerging respect for different know
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exploration of the Western Australi
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group: “naked”; “In the ten t
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Source 6.31. “The Last of His Tri
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Source 6.32. “Corroboree” in Sc
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Source 6.33. Typical portrayal of T
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1962, p. 214). Attributing negative
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Source 6.35. “The Referendum of 1
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inclusion of Indigenous Australians
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foreground of the image, but it is
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Indigenous Australians are still re
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Source 6.40. “An Australian Fairy
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Indigenous woman which, although co
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They hold that the bush and all it
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attention and make learning Social
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Department of Education, 1960/1963,
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secondary school level this textboo
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history of Tasmania through various
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Social Studies for Queensland schoo
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al., 1969, p. 166), where Indigenou
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290
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Source 7.1. Extract from Introducti
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In the lead up to and in the year o
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Newton. The lyrics portray a multic
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1988 Bicentennial, clearly marking
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Demonstrating the progressive move
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It is important that students have
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such as Case studies in Australian
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Our hope is that students using the
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Source 7.10. “Settlement in Austr
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Source 7.12. Dampier extracts from
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making roles. Particularly in some
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Source 7.17. Classroom moiety syste
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Source 7.19. Yiwara “special obli
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suggestions on how teachers are to
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As demonstrated in Source 7.23, thi
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Source 7.28. “The first Australia
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settlement. However, documents reve
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of the early interactions between T
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Given that this textbook was publis
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overtly, as the issues of land righ
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The Wave Hill walkout, covering the
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textbook author is presenting for s
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Crossroads: Imperialism and race re
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Source 7.42. Vincent Lingiari’s n
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Australia’s referenda history—w
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Source 7.45 demonstrates that throu
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of Indigenous Australian cultures.
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the 42 page unit of work in a textb
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Source 7.53. Continuity of Indigeno
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in conjunction with non-Indigenous
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Source 7.57. Activity ideas for Nat
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Unit 3: Modern Australia emerges co
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demonstrate, even at a minor and in
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students are exposed to no aspects
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first Australians and I’m an Aust
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eing taught until the upper primary
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which details the setting up of a c
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7.67. Two examples in particular sh
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unlike other textbooks which discus
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However, although this statement wa
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fear of Japan, that the Australian
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Australia in both WWI and WWII. The
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Source 7.73. Treaty of Versailles e
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The Australian government realized
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Task 41: Australian foreign policy
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enemy threatening to invade our sho
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following statement: “Political l
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“doomed to failure”; “finally
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So strong are the stories of the Ga
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Moving beyond a simplistic discours
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Nationalists, opposed to the Britis
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This demonstrates the importance Gr
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entered mainstream public conscious
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explains the purpose of including T
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Source 7.95. “Pupil information s
Page 416 and 417: terminology of European is stated w
Page 418 and 419: 7.23.6 Representations of British h
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Page 422 and 423: findings of the analysis through ar
Page 424 and 425: curriculum in such a way that the h
Page 426 and 427: (and at times former dominant disco
Page 428 and 429: natives and often gave them present
Page 430 and 431: finite and ‘true’. In particula
Page 432 and 433: understanding? This last point is o
Page 434 and 435: 420
Page 436 and 437: and functional perspectives on time
Page 438 and 439: Collins, C., & Knight, S. (2006). E
Page 440 and 441: Department of Public Instruction. (
Page 442 and 443: Fiske, J., Hodge, B., & Turner, G.
Page 444 and 445: Henderson, G. (2008b, August 12). N
Page 446 and 447: Kitson, J. (Interviewer), & Malouf,
Page 448 and 449: Melleuish, G. (1998). The packaging
Page 450 and 451: Roberts, M. (2004). Postmodernism a
Page 452 and 453: van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Semiotics a
Page 454 and 455: 440
Page 456 and 457: 442
Page 458 and 459: particular, this includes taking on
Page 460 and 461: The mapping of these debates conclu
Page 462 and 463: A1.1.4 Terminology. The term histor
Page 464 and 465: The similarities of the debates acr
Page 468 and 469: political cartoon satirist, Peter N
Page 470 and 471: A1.5.1 April 23, 1993: Geoffrey Bla
Page 472 and 473: After an initial furor, this curric
Page 474 and 475: A1.5.4 October and November 1996: J
Page 476 and 477: I take a very different view. I bel
Page 478 and 479: history/culture wars in the public
Page 480 and 481: parallels between ideologies presen
Page 482 and 483: into “politically correct new age
Page 484 and 485: Root and branch renewal of history
Page 486 and 487: Further in his lecture, Manne then
Page 488 and 489: Throughout the years that the histo
Page 490 and 491: A people with a sense of a fair go
Page 492 and 493: "There's real anger about that," ag
Page 494 and 495: Instead, from the nation's Parliame
Page 496 and 497: asis for critical (and often deriso
Page 498 and 499: valid reasons for living and hoping
Page 500 and 501: “centrally prescribed curriculum
Page 502 and 503: elativism in school curriculum, spe
Page 504 and 505: supporting PM Howard’s call for a
Page 506 and 507: The politicisation of the curriculu
Page 508 and 509: Government in the rundown to the en
Page 510 and 511: oversimplified and shallow analysis
Page 512 and 513: than the combination of history, ge
Page 514 and 515: Language used by opponents of the c
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invades school curriculum” (Lane,
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504
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506
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Appendix D: Sample Data Analyses Ti
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(p. 110) Passage 6: (pp. 110-111) P
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probably good that this was not cas
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Overall, a very unemotional account
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