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Task 41: Australian foreign policy in Essentials of history: Using history skills in Ian Gray’s Essentials of history comprises an hypothesis statement for students to consider as they read the six sources accompanying the statement—which are a mixture of four primary sources and two secondary sources. Here, the topic of Australia’s foreign policy is used as a way to highlight Australia’s declining reliance on Great Britain and increased connections with the United States as a way to highlight the dissociation of Australia from Great Britain. The historical skill this task teaches students is the judgment of the reliability of sources in order to test an hypothesis statement (see Source 7.78). Source 7.78. “Australian foreign policy” student task extract from Essentials of history (Gray, 1988, p. 78). The selected documents in particular highlight the dissociation of Australia from Great Britain, both from changes in British laws at the instigation of Great Britain through “Source 1 The Statue of Westminster” (Gray, 1988, p. 78) and from Australia’s independent decision as seen in “Source 3 Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, October 1942” (Gray, 1988, p. 78). Difficulties in establishing this independence is highlighted through the selection of a secondary source (see Source 7.79). 380
Source 7.79. Sample secondary source use in Essentials of history (Gray, 1988, p. 78). The dissociation of Australia to Great Britain is marked in Crossroads: Asia and Australia in world affairs (Cowie, 1980) by Prime Minister Curtin’s statement that Australia would now rely on America for protection, not Great Britain, dismissing connections of loyalty (see Source 7.80). Source 7.80. Extract from the introduction of Chapter 14: Foreign policies 1941-60: ‘Australia looks to America’ in Crossroads: Asia and Australia in world affairs (Cowie, 1980, p. 221). Here, the textbook clearly articulates the period during WWII as a defining moment in a shift from reliance or loyalty to Great Britain to reliance on the United States for military defence. This dissociation is illustrated starkly as part of a discussion in The modern world emerges of the fall of Singapore to Japan on the Pacific frontier of WWII. The situation that occurred between Churchill, the Prime Minister of Great Britain and the Australian Prime Minister, John Curtin is regarded as a significant moment in Australia’s defence; especially Australia’s ability to make decisions that Great Britain did not agree with, in a way that had not happened previously. Contrast this, for example, with the case of New South Wales Premier Lang’s attempt to cease interest payments on the loan repayments to Great Britain and the ensuing furor that resulted in Lang’s sacking by the NSW governor. Represented as much through a struggle of personalities as allegiances between the nations, it is communicated to students from a perspective that supports Australia’s actions. This is presented as an aspect of Australia’s relationship with Great Britain not portrayed in a positive light—but includes it as a learning opportunity nevertheless. The seriousness of the situation is from Chapter 16 Australia at war 1939 to 1945, reading: Australia was shocked and frightened by the fall of Singapore. Curtin announced: The fall of Singapore opens the Battle for Australia...Protection of this country is no longer that of a contribution to a world at war, but the resistance to an 381
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University of Southern Queensland C
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Certification of Dissertation I cer
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for and receive a scholarship so th
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5.4 Category 1: Privileging British
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List of Figures Figure 3.1 Structur
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Appendices Appendix A: Contexts…
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through The Courier Mail, as well a
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A syllabus in the Queensland school
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after World War I (WWI); the Austra
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Settler and Savage: One hundred yea
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3. What discourses of British Herit
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Howard in 2007; arguably a point in
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2.1.2 Key concepts and terms. As wi
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Giroux & Purpel, 1983; Whitty, 1985
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that Bruner mentions are prepositio
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kind of private property handed dow
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The information presented thus far
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English (AATE) used an editorial of
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2.3 Defining Textbooks One importan
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textbooks are...a very important ve
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which the learner is subject, but t
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Although Issitt (2004) contends tha
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intended set of learnings are infor
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Moving to focus on those who hold r
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parameters of the terms of the deba
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Similarly, Woodfin asserts “in es
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1996, pp. 8-9). Luke further discus
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powerful groups may also otherwise
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2.7.1 Theories of national identity
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understood as part of a broader str
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significance (either implicitly or
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…in the established nations, ther
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The ‘history wars’ in Australia
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In academia, the move is away from
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and its internal and external other
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Whilst this may be an extreme examp
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conducted for this project due to t
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Table 2.2 The Two Traditions of His
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puts emphasis on the celebration of
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emaining the same throughout. Stude
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As one of few (current) educators i
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A researcher bricoleur carefully se
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approaches. What bricolage does off
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and modification” (Reitstaetter,
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icolage, interpretive bricolage, po
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approaches, processes of further en
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historical studies and more (see, f
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A criticism made by Blommaert that
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The lens of CDA is used to gain ins
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with the bricolage approach adapted
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In his examination of American hist
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considered and, where relevant, ove
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the…analysis of political discour
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avoids the ‘Bad King John/Good Qu
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2005, p. 5). Due to placing visual
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(1995-1996, p. 5). Increasingly, st
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term memories, and the power nation
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When we attempt to answer the quest
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In academia, the move is away from
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Historians operating in the critica
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for the purposes of this project, i
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get the job done to the satisfactio
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the project, enabled through a refl
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challenging task of the reflection
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understand the relationship the res
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establishing the trustworthiness of
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publishing company for Queensland s
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of direct light, so that they could
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o Queensland based authors are ofte
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selection, resulting in as comprehe
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• “1. Focus upon a social probl
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contextualised in the wider study,
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Dijk as “knowledge, attitudes and
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136
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a type of ‘neutral’ fact-sheet
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across the three distinct eras focu
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stories by authors such as Arthur C
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opposes the notion that a person is
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Given the clear recollections of sc
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5.2 Education Context This section
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following passage taken from the pr
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5.2.3 Key textbooks and related sch
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Mariners of England a poem written
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Source 5.3. Chapter II: The Britons
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the largest for British heritages,
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stands for the country itself and t
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Source 5.4. The Flag of the Empire
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Australasia appears in a number of
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demands. But if they spoke with a u
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5.8.1 Discourses of legitimizing th
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practical example: Australia’s pa
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Although often mediated through the
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which were, at the time, very emoti
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Source 5.6. Front cover of Anzac Da
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5.9 Intersections of British Herita
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Australia contains further signific
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Source 5.7. Extract from Preface to
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Furthermore, the use of primary sou
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“…playing fast and loose with t
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Australia experienced a growing str
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Separate State responsibility has l
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The two examples above, although br
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It was in the 1952 syllabus that th
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(b) Australian Aborigines. (Departm
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However, due to the wide distributi
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matter in a fresh and interesting w
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textbooks published in the early to
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Source 6.3. A sample project sheet
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narratives of so-named British expl
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This image, like many of the narrat
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killed by Indigenous Australians; E
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possibly unintended message that th
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Source 6.10. “Natives” extract
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Source 6.11. “King was saved” e
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Indigenous Australians is linked wi
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one Indigenous person. There is a v
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Source 6.15. Batman Treaty and Gove
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Indigenous Australian interactions
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Source 6.18. “Jacky’s Sad Story
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Australians in history narratives.
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comments that bring together the va
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6.5 Category 2: Frontier Conflicts
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6.5.2 Discourses of eye-witness acc
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places where the natives were treat
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Source 6.24. Frontier Conflicts ext
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6.6 Category 3: Tasmanian Indigenou
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emoval of the captured aboriginals
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Some emotion is attributed to this
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6.6.4 Discourses of criminality. Vi
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in Source 6.28, they are both male,
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emerging respect for different know
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exploration of the Western Australi
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group: “naked”; “In the ten t
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Source 6.31. “The Last of His Tri
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Source 6.32. “Corroboree” in Sc
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Source 6.33. Typical portrayal of T
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1962, p. 214). Attributing negative
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Source 6.35. “The Referendum of 1
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inclusion of Indigenous Australians
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foreground of the image, but it is
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Indigenous Australians are still re
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Source 6.40. “An Australian Fairy
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Indigenous woman which, although co
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They hold that the bush and all it
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attention and make learning Social
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Department of Education, 1960/1963,
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secondary school level this textboo
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history of Tasmania through various
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Social Studies for Queensland schoo
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al., 1969, p. 166), where Indigenou
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290
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Source 7.1. Extract from Introducti
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In the lead up to and in the year o
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Newton. The lyrics portray a multic
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1988 Bicentennial, clearly marking
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Demonstrating the progressive move
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It is important that students have
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such as Case studies in Australian
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Our hope is that students using the
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Source 7.10. “Settlement in Austr
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Source 7.12. Dampier extracts from
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making roles. Particularly in some
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Source 7.17. Classroom moiety syste
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Source 7.19. Yiwara “special obli
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suggestions on how teachers are to
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As demonstrated in Source 7.23, thi
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Source 7.28. “The first Australia
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settlement. However, documents reve
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of the early interactions between T
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Given that this textbook was publis
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Page 362 and 363: Source 7.53. Continuity of Indigeno
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Page 380 and 381: 7.67. Two examples in particular sh
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Page 384 and 385: However, although this statement wa
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Page 390 and 391: Source 7.73. Treaty of Versailles e
Page 392 and 393: The Australian government realized
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Page 402 and 403: So strong are the stories of the Ga
Page 404 and 405: Moving beyond a simplistic discours
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Page 408 and 409: This demonstrates the importance Gr
Page 410 and 411: entered mainstream public conscious
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Page 414 and 415: Source 7.95. “Pupil information s
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Page 418 and 419: 7.23.6 Representations of British h
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Page 422 and 423: findings of the analysis through ar
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Page 436 and 437: and functional perspectives on time
Page 438 and 439: Collins, C., & Knight, S. (2006). E
Page 440 and 441: Department of Public Instruction. (
Page 442 and 443: Fiske, J., Hodge, B., & Turner, G.
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Henderson, G. (2008b, August 12). N
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Kitson, J. (Interviewer), & Malouf,
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Melleuish, G. (1998). The packaging
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Roberts, M. (2004). Postmodernism a
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van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Semiotics a
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440
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442
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particular, this includes taking on
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The mapping of these debates conclu
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A1.1.4 Terminology. The term histor
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The similarities of the debates acr
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over...an overrun of divisive multi
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political cartoon satirist, Peter N
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A1.5.1 April 23, 1993: Geoffrey Bla
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After an initial furor, this curric
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A1.5.4 October and November 1996: J
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I take a very different view. I bel
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history/culture wars in the public
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parallels between ideologies presen
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into “politically correct new age
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Root and branch renewal of history
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Further in his lecture, Manne then
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Throughout the years that the histo
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A people with a sense of a fair go
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"There's real anger about that," ag
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Instead, from the nation's Parliame
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asis for critical (and often deriso
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valid reasons for living and hoping
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“centrally prescribed curriculum
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elativism in school curriculum, spe
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supporting PM Howard’s call for a
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The politicisation of the curriculu
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Government in the rundown to the en
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oversimplified and shallow analysis
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than the combination of history, ge
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Language used by opponents of the c
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invades school curriculum” (Lane,
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504
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506
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Appendix D: Sample Data Analyses Ti
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(p. 110) Passage 6: (pp. 110-111) P
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probably good that this was not cas
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Overall, a very unemotional account
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