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Given the clear recollections of schooling for example as demonstrated in this chapter by Malouf, Hughes and Manne, the important place curriculum has in student experience and memory is emphasised, particularly when the same topic and discourses are repeated across school years. Therefore, the important role school curriculum has in instilling values and knowledges cannot be underestimated. What these consistent values and knowledges are, categorised within various discourses, forms the focus of analysis through the lens of the two exemplar topics, British heritages and Indigenous representations in the following three chapters: Chapter 5: Before and Immediately After WWI; Chapter 6: Black Movement in Australia 1964-1975; and Chapter 7:1988 Bicentennial Era. 146
Chapter Five: Before and immediately after WWI 5.1 Historical Context of the Era This period in Australian history is characterised by the rapid social and political change that occurred as a result of Australia’s participation in World War One (WWI), known at the time as The Great War 7 . Social issues prominent at the time include, but are not limited to: debates about military conscription; issues of independence from Great Britain; equipping Australia with an effective military defence; and Australia’s participation as a nation in the international arena. This era was also significantly influenced by domestic affairs, namely the continued affective unifying of Australia in the years post-Federation. In addition, other aspects of social and political life beyond those described here played important roles in shaping Australia’s national identity, such as the role of women in the workforce and growing political rights. However, only issues covered by the school History curriculum texts are included for analysis in this dissertation. For Australia, in the time period during and immediately post WWI the socio-political discourses are characterised by topics such as national debates about conscription of militaryage males, the rise of different forms of government epitomized through struggles between socialism and fascism, Australia’s repayments of war loans to Great Britain, and government support of the unemployed during the economic depression of the 1930s. These issues are at times overshadowed by The Great Depression, which from 1929 to the outbreak of World War Two (WWII), greatly impacted and influenced not only the general way of life of ordinary citizens, but also domestic politics, including changes in legislation to support the growing unemployed. This period, characterised by rapid and continued social and political change, is detailed by historians such as Scott (1930), Bean (1921), and in more recent times Adam-Smith (1984), M. Clark (1963, 1995), Blainey (2000), MacIntyre (1993, 1999), and P. Hamilton (2003). The vast amount of research committed to this period of Australia’s history is representative of the importance placed on Australia’s involvement in WWI as an influential and lasting factor in shaping the nation’s identity and cultural history. 7 At the time of the conflict (1915-1919), what is now known internationally as World War One or The First World War was then being referred to as The Great War, or more simply, The War. It was not until the World War Two era that this conflict became known differently. Therefore, unless quoting from primary source documents, the term World War One, or WWI, is used here. This is because this is the current commonly accepted term for this conflict. 147
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University of Southern Queensland C
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Certification of Dissertation I cer
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for and receive a scholarship so th
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5.4 Category 1: Privileging British
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List of Figures Figure 3.1 Structur
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Appendices Appendix A: Contexts…
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through The Courier Mail, as well a
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A syllabus in the Queensland school
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after World War I (WWI); the Austra
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Settler and Savage: One hundred yea
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3. What discourses of British Herit
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Howard in 2007; arguably a point in
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2.1.2 Key concepts and terms. As wi
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Giroux & Purpel, 1983; Whitty, 1985
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that Bruner mentions are prepositio
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kind of private property handed dow
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The information presented thus far
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English (AATE) used an editorial of
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2.3 Defining Textbooks One importan
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textbooks are...a very important ve
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which the learner is subject, but t
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Although Issitt (2004) contends tha
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intended set of learnings are infor
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Moving to focus on those who hold r
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parameters of the terms of the deba
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Similarly, Woodfin asserts “in es
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1996, pp. 8-9). Luke further discus
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powerful groups may also otherwise
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2.7.1 Theories of national identity
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understood as part of a broader str
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significance (either implicitly or
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…in the established nations, ther
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The ‘history wars’ in Australia
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In academia, the move is away from
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and its internal and external other
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Whilst this may be an extreme examp
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conducted for this project due to t
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Table 2.2 The Two Traditions of His
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puts emphasis on the celebration of
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emaining the same throughout. Stude
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As one of few (current) educators i
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A researcher bricoleur carefully se
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approaches. What bricolage does off
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and modification” (Reitstaetter,
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icolage, interpretive bricolage, po
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approaches, processes of further en
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historical studies and more (see, f
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A criticism made by Blommaert that
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The lens of CDA is used to gain ins
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with the bricolage approach adapted
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In his examination of American hist
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considered and, where relevant, ove
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the…analysis of political discour
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avoids the ‘Bad King John/Good Qu
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2005, p. 5). Due to placing visual
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(1995-1996, p. 5). Increasingly, st
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term memories, and the power nation
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When we attempt to answer the quest
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In academia, the move is away from
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Historians operating in the critica
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for the purposes of this project, i
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get the job done to the satisfactio
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the project, enabled through a refl
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challenging task of the reflection
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understand the relationship the res
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establishing the trustworthiness of
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publishing company for Queensland s
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of direct light, so that they could
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o Queensland based authors are ofte
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selection, resulting in as comprehe
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• “1. Focus upon a social probl
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contextualised in the wider study,
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Dijk as “knowledge, attitudes and
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136
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a type of ‘neutral’ fact-sheet
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across the three distinct eras focu
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stories by authors such as Arthur C
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opposes the notion that a person is
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5.2 Education Context This section
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following passage taken from the pr
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5.2.3 Key textbooks and related sch
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Mariners of England a poem written
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Source 5.3. Chapter II: The Britons
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the largest for British heritages,
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stands for the country itself and t
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Source 5.4. The Flag of the Empire
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Australasia appears in a number of
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demands. But if they spoke with a u
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5.8.1 Discourses of legitimizing th
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practical example: Australia’s pa
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Although often mediated through the
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which were, at the time, very emoti
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Source 5.6. Front cover of Anzac Da
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5.9 Intersections of British Herita
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Australia contains further signific
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Source 5.7. Extract from Preface to
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Furthermore, the use of primary sou
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“…playing fast and loose with t
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Australia experienced a growing str
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Separate State responsibility has l
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The two examples above, although br
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It was in the 1952 syllabus that th
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(b) Australian Aborigines. (Departm
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However, due to the wide distributi
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matter in a fresh and interesting w
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textbooks published in the early to
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Source 6.3. A sample project sheet
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narratives of so-named British expl
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This image, like many of the narrat
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killed by Indigenous Australians; E
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possibly unintended message that th
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Source 6.10. “Natives” extract
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Source 6.11. “King was saved” e
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Indigenous Australians is linked wi
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one Indigenous person. There is a v
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Source 6.15. Batman Treaty and Gove
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Indigenous Australian interactions
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Source 6.18. “Jacky’s Sad Story
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Australians in history narratives.
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comments that bring together the va
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6.5 Category 2: Frontier Conflicts
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6.5.2 Discourses of eye-witness acc
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places where the natives were treat
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Source 6.24. Frontier Conflicts ext
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6.6 Category 3: Tasmanian Indigenou
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emoval of the captured aboriginals
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Some emotion is attributed to this
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6.6.4 Discourses of criminality. Vi
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in Source 6.28, they are both male,
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emerging respect for different know
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exploration of the Western Australi
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group: “naked”; “In the ten t
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Source 6.31. “The Last of His Tri
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Source 6.32. “Corroboree” in Sc
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Source 6.33. Typical portrayal of T
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1962, p. 214). Attributing negative
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Source 6.35. “The Referendum of 1
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inclusion of Indigenous Australians
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foreground of the image, but it is
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Indigenous Australians are still re
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Source 6.40. “An Australian Fairy
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Indigenous woman which, although co
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They hold that the bush and all it
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attention and make learning Social
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Department of Education, 1960/1963,
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secondary school level this textboo
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history of Tasmania through various
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Social Studies for Queensland schoo
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al., 1969, p. 166), where Indigenou
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290
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Source 7.1. Extract from Introducti
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In the lead up to and in the year o
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Newton. The lyrics portray a multic
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1988 Bicentennial, clearly marking
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Demonstrating the progressive move
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It is important that students have
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such as Case studies in Australian
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Our hope is that students using the
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Source 7.10. “Settlement in Austr
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Source 7.12. Dampier extracts from
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making roles. Particularly in some
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Source 7.17. Classroom moiety syste
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Source 7.19. Yiwara “special obli
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suggestions on how teachers are to
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As demonstrated in Source 7.23, thi
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Source 7.28. “The first Australia
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settlement. However, documents reve
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of the early interactions between T
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Given that this textbook was publis
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overtly, as the issues of land righ
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The Wave Hill walkout, covering the
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textbook author is presenting for s
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Crossroads: Imperialism and race re
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Source 7.42. Vincent Lingiari’s n
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Australia’s referenda history—w
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Source 7.45 demonstrates that throu
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of Indigenous Australian cultures.
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the 42 page unit of work in a textb
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Source 7.53. Continuity of Indigeno
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in conjunction with non-Indigenous
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Source 7.57. Activity ideas for Nat
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Unit 3: Modern Australia emerges co
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demonstrate, even at a minor and in
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students are exposed to no aspects
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first Australians and I’m an Aust
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eing taught until the upper primary
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which details the setting up of a c
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7.67. Two examples in particular sh
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unlike other textbooks which discus
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However, although this statement wa
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fear of Japan, that the Australian
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Australia in both WWI and WWII. The
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Source 7.73. Treaty of Versailles e
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The Australian government realized
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Task 41: Australian foreign policy
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enemy threatening to invade our sho
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following statement: “Political l
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“doomed to failure”; “finally
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So strong are the stories of the Ga
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Moving beyond a simplistic discours
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Nationalists, opposed to the Britis
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This demonstrates the importance Gr
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entered mainstream public conscious
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explains the purpose of including T
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Source 7.95. “Pupil information s
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terminology of European is stated w
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7.23.6 Representations of British h
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406
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findings of the analysis through ar
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curriculum in such a way that the h
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(and at times former dominant disco
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natives and often gave them present
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finite and ‘true’. In particula
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understanding? This last point is o
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420
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and functional perspectives on time
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Collins, C., & Knight, S. (2006). E
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Department of Public Instruction. (
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Fiske, J., Hodge, B., & Turner, G.
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Henderson, G. (2008b, August 12). N
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Kitson, J. (Interviewer), & Malouf,
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Melleuish, G. (1998). The packaging
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Roberts, M. (2004). Postmodernism a
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van Leeuwen, T. (2001). Semiotics a
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440
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442
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particular, this includes taking on
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The mapping of these debates conclu
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A1.1.4 Terminology. The term histor
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The similarities of the debates acr
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over...an overrun of divisive multi
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political cartoon satirist, Peter N
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A1.5.1 April 23, 1993: Geoffrey Bla
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After an initial furor, this curric
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A1.5.4 October and November 1996: J
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I take a very different view. I bel
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history/culture wars in the public
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parallels between ideologies presen
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into “politically correct new age
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Root and branch renewal of history
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Further in his lecture, Manne then
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Throughout the years that the histo
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A people with a sense of a fair go
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"There's real anger about that," ag
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Instead, from the nation's Parliame
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asis for critical (and often deriso
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valid reasons for living and hoping
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“centrally prescribed curriculum
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elativism in school curriculum, spe
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supporting PM Howard’s call for a
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The politicisation of the curriculu
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Government in the rundown to the en
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oversimplified and shallow analysis
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than the combination of history, ge
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Language used by opponents of the c
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invades school curriculum” (Lane,
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504
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506
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Appendix D: Sample Data Analyses Ti
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(p. 110) Passage 6: (pp. 110-111) P
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probably good that this was not cas
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Overall, a very unemotional account
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