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SESSION NO. 2 gradual decrease in dynamic topography from west to east. In our view, suchlike systematic variation would clearly indicate present-day mantle flow. To do so, we reconstructed the kinematic history of the Scotia Sea, first, which is characterized by complex back-arc spreading processes active on various time scales. Based on this reconstruction model, we derived an age-grid and calculated the residual (dynamic) topography of Scotia. Our results do not indicate a systematic variation, inferring no present-day mantle flow through Scotia. This result is consistent with the above mentioned previous studies. 2-14 16:50 Brune, Sascha CONTINENTAL BREAK-UP ON REGIONAL AND GLOBAL SCALE: INSIGHTS FROM 3D NUMERICAL MODELING BRUNE, Sascha, Section 2.5 Geodynamic Modeling Group, GFZ-Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, 14473, Germany, brune@gfz-potsdam.de, POPOV, Anton, Geodynamic modeling, GeoForschungsZentrum, Telegrafenberg E326, Potsdam, D-14473, Germany, and SOBOLEV, Stephan, GFZ Potsdam, Telegrafenberg, Potsdam, 14473 Rifting and the break-up of continents are first order features of plate tectonics. We use three dimensional thermo-mechanical simulations to evaluate the necessary tectonic forces to induce break-up. Our finite element model SLIM3D includes a free surface and allows for treatment of realistic elasto-visco-plastic rheology. We present the results of two distinct models that have been conducted on regional and global scale: On regional scale, we investigate oblique continental rifting which has been involved at several locations during continental break-up between South America and Africa, as well as North America and Europe. We evaluate the force that is required to maintain prescribed extensional boundary velocities in dependence on the angle of obliquity. We find that obliquity reduces the force that is required to initiate break-up. Presently, we extend our modeling technique to global scale simulations of lithosphere deformation and plate motion. We implement a spherical version of SLIM3D to model a 300 km thick upper layer of the Earth with a non-linear temperature- and stress-dependent visco-elastic rheology combined with Mohr-Coulomb frictional plasticity. The mantle below 300 km depth is modeled using the mantle convection model TERRA which solves for the momentum and energy balance of convection at infinite Prandtl number. The upper layer and mantle modeling domains are coupled by continuity of tractions and velocities across the 300 km boundary. We present our first results on directions and magnitudes of extensional forces at the rift zones, taking into account the lithospheric structure of Gondwana as well as the accurate paleopositions of subduction zones around the supercontinent. 2-15 17:05 Kohlmann, Fabian CONSTRAINING THE EXHUMATION HISTORY OF THE NORWEGIAN PASSIVE MARGIN THROUGH LOW-TEMPERATURE THERMOCHRONOLOGICAL DATA FROM THE SOGNEFJORD-HARDANGERFJORD REGIONS, SW-NORWAY KOHLMANN, Fabian, KSIENZYK, Anna Katharina, JACOBS, Joachim, and FOSSEN, Haakon, Department of Earth Science, University of Bergen, Allegaten 41, Bergen, 5007, Norway, fabian.kohlmann@geo.uib.no The Sognefjord is one of the world’s deepest fjord with very steep and high cliffs, and therefore an ideal target for low-temperature thermochronological studies. Previous data are scarce, and we are therefore carrying out a low-temperature thermochronological studies along vertical sample transects to reconstruct its thermal history. To the south another major fjord, the Hardengerfjord, represents similar opportunities. In contrast to the Sognefjord, the Hardangerfjord area is dominated by a major tectonic structure, the Hardangerfjord Shear Zone (HSZ), which is a crustal-scale structure that formed during Devonian extension shortly following the Caledonian orogeny. The HSZ might be part of an even larger zone of crustal deformation stretching across the North Sea into the Highland Boundary Fault in Scotland. The Hardangerfjord itself follows the trend of the Devonian shear zone and acted as one of the largest sediment pathways in the area. The amount of inland erosion and the corresponding depositional patterns are strongly affected by onshore uplift tectonics. This project aims to constrain the amount and timing of post-Caledonian uplift along this part of the margin by a combination of fission track, (U-Th)/He and K/Ar dating. In particular, the apparent absence of Mesozoic brittle reactivation of the HSZ is targeted by sampling of detailed profiles parallel and across the HSZ. Furthermore, vertical profiles on steep flanks of the Hardangerfjord and especially of the Sognefjord are analysed in order to obtain more precise uplift and erosion rates. Combining detailed thermochronological studies of these two major, geomorphic features provides us with new insights into the evolution of the northern North Sea rift margin and the Norwegian passive continental margin. This study will further improve our understanding of onshore tectonic processes and their effect on offshore sedimentation cycles in the North Sea. In addition, it will add to the ongoing dispute about the geomorphic evolution of the present-day high topography of western Norway: the classic Neogene domal uplift model versus the Isostasy-Climate-Erosion (ICE) hypothesis. SESSION NO. 3, 11:00 Monday, 5 September 2011 T5B. Natural Hazards, Catastrophes, and Risk Mitigation I (Munich Reinsurance Company) Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, A 014 3-1 11:05 Smolka, Anselm RISK MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL PERILS: THE VIEW OF A REINSURER SMOLKA, Anselm, Corporate Underwriting / GeoRisks, Munich Reinsurance Company, Munich 80802 Germany, asmolka@munichre.com Natural Catastrophes like the Managua earthquake in Nicaragua 1972 and Cyclone Tracy which destroyed the city of Darwin in Northern Australia in 1974 came as a surprise to the global reinsurance market. Nobody had expected that this global market would be hit by such events which affected only relatively small cities located far away from the big urban and industrial centres in highly developed nations. In consequence, geoscientific units were established to an increasing degree in the global insurance sector, first by reinsurers and later on by globally operating primary insurers and re/insurance brokers in order to improve the techniques of risk assessment for natural perils. Loss statistics for natural disasters demonstrate, also after correction for inflation, a dramatic increase in the loss burden since 1950 which was well confirmed by recent disasters like the earthquakes in Haiti, Chile and New Zealand in 2010, the Australian floods 2010/2011, and again earthquakes in New Zealand and in Japan 2011. This increase is driven by a concentration of population and values in urban areas, the development of highly exposed coastal and valley regions, the complexity of modern societies and technologies and probably also by the emerging consequences of global warming. This process will continue unless A4 FRAGILE EARTH: Geological Processes from Global to Local Scales remedial action is taken. Therefore a holistic risk management is needed which starts with hazard identification and moves on to hazard and risk evaluation. Risk evaluation forms the basis for controlling and financing future losses. Natural disaster insurance plays a key role in this context, but also private parties and governments have to share a part of the risk. A main responsibility of governments is to formulate regulations for building construction and land use. The insurance sector and the state have to act together in order to create incentives for building and business owners to take loss prevention measures. In terms of risk assessment the recent earthquake disasters in the Christchurch/New Zealand and Tohoku/Japan regions have proven that the past is not a good guide to the future, and the same is true for the “risk of change” produced by a changing climate. The Global Earthquake Model (GEM) project initiated by the OECD will be addressed in some detail in this talk as an example to improve risk assessment and risk reduction on a global scale. 3-2 11:35 Zschau, Jochen MEETING THE CHALLENGES OF EARTHQUAKE RISK DYNAMICS AND - GLOBALISATION ZSCHAU, Jochen, Potsdam 14467 Germany, zschau@gfz-potsdam.de Earthquake risk, like natural risks in general, has become a highly dynamic and globally interdependent phenomenon. Due to the “urban explosion” in the Third World, an increasingly complex cross linking of critical infrastructure and lifelines in the industrial nations and a growing globalisation of the world’s economies, we are presently facing a dramatic increase of our society’s vulnerability to earthquakes in practically all seismic regions on our globe. Such fast and global changes cannot be captured with conventional earthquake risk models anymore. The sciences in this field are, therefore, asked to come up with new solutions that are no longer exclusively aiming at the best possible quantification of the present risks but also keep an eye on their changes with time and allow to project these into the future. This does not apply to the vulnerability component of earthquake risk alone, but also to its hazard component which has been realized to be time-dependent, too. The challenges of earthquake risk dynamics and –globalisation have recently been accepted by the Global Science Forum of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD – GSF) who initiated the “Global Earthquake Model (GEM)”, a public-private partnership for establishing an independent standard to calculate, monitor and communicate earthquake risk globally, raise awareness and promote mitigation. 3-3 12:05 Woessner, Jochen HARMONIZING PROBABILISTIC SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT IN EUROPE: A MOMENT BALANCED APPROACH WOESSNER, Jochen1 , WIEMER, Stefan1 , and GIARDINI, Domenico2 , (1) Swiss Seismological Service, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 5, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland, j.woessner@sed.ethz.ch, (2) Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETHZ), Zurich, 8093, Switzerland Probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) is one of the most useful products seismology offers to society. PSHA characterizes the best available knowledge on the seismic hazard of a study area, ideally taking into account all sources of uncertainty. Results form the baseline for informed decision-making, such as building codes or insurance rates and provide essential input to each risk assessment application. Several large scale projects have recently been launched aiming to harmonize PSHA standards around the globe. SHARE (www.share-eu.org) is the EC-FP7 funded project to create community-based hazard model for the Euro-Mediterranean region. SHARE is a regional component of the Global Earthquake Model (GEM, www.globalquakemodel.org), a public/private partnership initiated and approved by the Global Science Forum of the OECD- GSF. In addition, large site-specific PSHA programs such as PEGASOS (CH) are ongoing and more are likely to be initiated as a consequence of the recent catastrophic M9 Tohoku event. SHARE will deliver measurable progress in all steps leading to a harmonized assessment of seismic hazard - in the definition of engineering requirements, in the collection of input data, in procedures for hazard assessment, and in engineering applications. SHARE scientists create a framework and computational infrastructure for an integrated European PSHA model and specific risk scenario modeling tools. The results are envisioned to deliver long-lasting structural impact in areas of societal and economic relevance and will serve as reference for the Eurocode 8 (EC8) application, and will provide homogeneous input for the correct seismic safety assessment for critical industry, such as the energy infrastructures and the re-insurance sector. Harmonizing hazard is pursued on the hazard input data level and the model building procedure across the entire extent of possible tectonic features across the European- Mediterranean territory. The effort requires transparent and reproducible strategies to estimate parameters such as the activity rates and maximum magnitudes. In this contribution we outline approaches of the SHARE model and how these are anchored to specific studies. The contribution will feature first preliminary results from the SHARE project. 3-4 12:25 Stein, Seth BAD MAPS OR BAD LUCK: WHY EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MAPS OFTEN FAIL AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT STEIN, Seth, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, 1850 Campus Drive, Evanston, IL 60208-2150, seth@earth.northwestern.edu Earthquake hazard maps are used worldwide to predict future damage and plan mitigation strategies. However, in recent years, highly destructive earthquakes (2008 Wenchuan, China, M7.9; 2010 Haiti, M 7.0; 2011 Tohoku, Japan, M9.1) have occurred in areas mapped as having lower hazard than nearby areas. The question is whether these reflect the limitations of the mapping methods or rare events that should not be used to judge the maps as unsuccessful. Because of the limited seismic record available and limited understanding of earthquake mechanics, these maps depend dramatically on difficult to assess parameters and hence on the mapmakers’ preconceptions, resulting in large uncertainties. For example, the M9.1 March 2010 earthquake along the Tohoku coast of northeast Japan generated a much larger tsunami than considered in the hazard planning. This view arose because of the absence of such large earthquakes in the seismological record there, which was consistent with a model based on the convergence rate and age of the subducting lithosphere, which predicted at most a low M 8 earthquake. Although this model was invalidated by the 2004 Sumatra earthquake and tsunami, the revised ideas were too recent to be incorporated in hazard mitigation. Such failures indicate the need to objectively test how well hazard maps work by comparing their predictions and those of null hypotheses based on random regional seismicity to earthquakes that actually occurred after they were published, and use test results to assess maps’ uncertainties and improve them. Such testing is common and useful in other fields. Weather forecasts, which are conceptually similar to earthquake hazard mapping, are routinely evaluated to assess how well their predictions matched what actually occurred. Forecasts are also tested to see if they do better than using the average of that date in previous years, or by assuming that today’s weather will be the same as yesterday’s. Over the years, this process has produced measurable improvements in forecasting methods and results, and yielded much better assessment of uncertainties. Another analogy is the trend to evidence-based medicine, which assesses how well commonly used treatments work, often with surprising results.
3-5 14:00 Furlong, Kevin P. THE CANTERBURY, NEW ZEALAND EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE: LESSONS FROM A YEAR OF EARTHQUAKES FURLONG, Kevin P., Geosciences, Penn State Univ, 542 Deike Building, University Park, PA 16802, kevin@geodyn.psu.edu In the year since the September 2010 earthquake in Canterbury, the lives of New Zealanders have been changed forever. The main sequence of earthquakes led after almost 6 months to the deadly and damaging Christchurch Earthquake of February 22, 2011 (23:51, 21/02/11 UTC); a critically important event, but only one part of the Canterbury earthquake sequence started by the Mw 7.1 Darfield Earthquake in September of 2010. These earthquakes have occurred on previously unrecognized fault(s) and significantly distant from the main components of the plate boundary system through South Island, New Zealand. The initial rupture pattern of the September event and subsequent aftershocks have delineated a linear (nearly east-west in orientation) trend of seismicity extending from the foothills of the Southern Alps to the Pacific coast to the east of the city of Christchurch. Understanding the relationships among the various fault segments, the regional geologic structure, and crustal stresses associated with regional plate interactions (further modified by the earthquakes) is key to placing these events into a context allowing their lessons to be applied elsewhere. Here we focus on the seismo-tectonics of the sequence in the year following the initial event to address the following: 1) How does the February 22 event’s fault relate to the September 3 fault system both physically and through stress conditions; 2) Where do the other larger aftershocks fit into the overall sequence; 3) Are there gaps in moment release between main rupture segments and what role have aftershocks played in modifying any gaps; 4) Are there other faults capable of hosting moderate but damaging earthquakes in the region and have the year of aftershocks identified these faults; and 5) Can we say anything about the potential for future events such as the February 22 earthquake; both nearby to Christchurch and regionally? This last point is the fundamental question that Christchurch residents would like answered and is diagnostic of the issues that mark the global significance of this and similar events. 3-6 14:20 Rubin, Jeffrey N. HAZARD COMMUNICATION REQUIRES KNOWING “WHO” AS WELL AS “HOW” RUBIN, Jeffrey N., Tualatin Valley Fire & Rescue, 20665 SW Blanton St, Aloha, OR 97007, jeff.rubin@tvfr.com Geoscientists have an essential role in communicating natural hazard risk to the public, in order to generate timely, effective action. As with the internet use over the past ~ 15 years, excessive focus on the medium may be at the cost of the message itself and who receives it. Informing the public requires replacing largely tacit assumptions with active questions. Who is “the public” and what communities do we need to engage? Who are the best spokespeople to address those communities and what are the most appropriate media? Are we speaking to entire communities or to a subset (e.g., decision-makers)? What hazard are we trying to address and what is the desired outcome? With what daily priorities are we competing? Increasing knowledge and/or awareness (e.g., a specific telephone number), promoting an emergency action (e.g., immediate protective measures in an earthquake), and promoting preincident action (e.g., seismic mitigation) require different approaches and expertise. Audience classification is complex but may include age, sex, location, economic status, language(s), and hazard-specific vulnerabilities. Individuals tend to personalize risk, and actual hazard perception (and thus willingness to act) may diverge from expert assessment. Knowledge transfer may be an important outcome, but knowledge without direction toward action may result in a smarter – but not safer – public. 3-7 14:40 Okal, Emile ELEVEN TSUNAMIS FROM SUMATRA TO TOHOKU: HAVE WE BECOME WISER? OKAL, Emile, Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, emile@earth.northwestern.edu The 2004 Sumatra earthquake was the biggest earthquake in at least 40 years, and its tsunami probably the deadliest in the history of mankind. Six years later, we examine its impact on our knowledge of Earth dynamics, on our approach to tsunami mitigation and warning and we review critically the performance and efficiency of warnings during the smaller tsunamis which have occurred since 2005. While awareness of tsunami hazard has undoubtedly been raised worldwide, and substantial funding appropriated, the development of tsunami centers and the improvement of warning algorithms remains occasionally chaotic, despite significant analytical progress, such as the generalization of W-phase inversions. We review eleven post-Sumatra tsunamis (from Nias, 2005 to Tohoku, 2011) and assign them a color-coded wisdom index, on a scale from red (bad) to gold (excellent), depending on an [admittedly subjective] evaluation of the performance of the warning centers and of the response of the populations involved. The results are mixed, with a generally positive attitude of coastal inhabitants possessing the reflex of self-evacuation, but a frequent failure of centralized warning centers and government agencies, which in particular, have repeatedly failed to mitigate against, and recognize in real time, the so-called “tsunami earthquakes” characterized by slow rupture and enhanced tsunami generation. 3-8 15:30 Lauterjung, Joern TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING FOR THE INDIAN OCEAN - LESSONS LEARNED LAUTERJUNG, Joern, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, Haus A40, Potsdam 14473 Germany, lau@gfz-potsdam.de Indonesia is located along the most prominent active continental margin in the Indian Ocean, the so-called Sunda Arc and, therefore, is one of the most threatened regions of the world in terms of natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. On 26 December 2004 the third largest earthquake ever instrumentally recorded (magnitude 9.3) occurred off-shore northern Sumatra and triggered a mega-tsunami affecting the whole Indian Ocean. Almost a quarter of a million people were killed, as the region was not prepared either in terms of early-warning or in terms of disaster response. In order to be able to provide, in future, a fast and reliable warning procedure for the population, Germany, immediately after the catastrophe, offered during the UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction in Kobe, Hyogo/Japan in January 2005 technical support for the development and installation of a tsunami early warning system for the Indian Ocean in addition to assistance in capacity development in particular for local communities. This offer was accepted by Indonesia but also by other countries like Sri Lanka, the Maldives and some East-African countries. Anyhow the main focus of the activities has been carried out in Indonesia as the main source of tsunami threat for the entire Indian Ocean. Challenging for the technical concept of this warning system are the extremely short warning times for Indonesia, due to its vicinity to the Sunda Arc. For this reason the German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) integrates different modern and new scientific monitoring technologies, analysis methods and modelling approaches for tsunami propagation, inundation and risk assessment. Core of the system is a state of the art decision support system. Furthermore respective strategies and tools for disaster mitigation, preparedness and evacuation for local communities have been implemented. SESSION NO. 4 3-9 15:50 Blewitt, Geoffrey A PROTOTYPE SYSTEM FOR TSUNAMI EARLY WARNING BASED ON REAL-TIME GPS BLEWITT, Geoffrey1 , BAR-SEVER, Yoaz2 , GROSS, Richard2 , HAMMOND, William Charles1 , HUDNUT, Kenneth W. 3 , KHACHIKYAN, Robert2 , PLAG, Hans-Peter1 , SONG, Y. Tony 2 , WEBB, Frank H. 2 , and SIMONS, Mark4 , (1) Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology and Nevada Seismological Laboratory, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV 89557, gblewitt@unr.edu, (2) Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, (3) U. S. Geological Survey, 525 S. Wilson Ave, Pasadena, CA 91106, (4) Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 Reliable tsunami early warning requires a rapid assessment of the tsunamigenic potential of an earthquake as well as a prediction of the likely propagation pattern of the tsunami. Low-latency availability of the coseismic Earth’s surface displacements can support the assessment of the tsunamigenic potential of an earthquake and improve predictions of the propagation pattern of the tsunami. Here we present the GREAT Alert, which is a NASA-sponsored, real-time prototype system designed to enhance tsunami warning capability. The system takes advantage of the increasingly available global and regional real-time GPS data, as well as advanced fault and ocean dynamics models to enable more accurate and timely assessment of the magnitude and mechanism of large earthquakes, and the magnitude and direction of resulting tsunamis. We will describe the prototype operational system being developed in a multi-agency collaboration. The key system components are: (1) the operational real-time estimation of site coordinates from hundreds of GPS sites using a precise point positioning algorithm; (2) the application of data filtering and quality control techniques to the real-time site position time series in order to enhance the accurate retrieval of co-seismic site motions; (3) usage of either an empirical inversion model or a “fingerprint” model, which maps slip on a fault segment to surface displacement, for the rapid determination of the earthquake displacement field from the GPS-based records at each station; (4) the input of detected and modeled seafloor displacements into a special ocean dynamics model to determine tsunami source energy and scales, and estimate the tsunami propagation; (5) the dissemination of the results to the responsible agencies to help in their decision making processes. We will discuss the actual and predicted performance of the system, particularly in light of recent great earthquakes around the globe, and in view of the rapid development of real time GPS stations being used to monitor the Cascadia subduction zone near the Pacific coast of the United States. 3-10 16:10 Miller, Meghan GEODYNAMIC INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE LITHOSPHERE, CRYOSPHERE, ATMOSPHERE AND HYDROSPHERE, AS REVEALED BY MODERN SPACE GEODESY MILLER, Meghan, UNAVCO, 6350 Nautilus Drive, Boulder, CO 80301, meghan@ unavco.org Transformational scientific discoveries stem from the recent growth of integrated geophysical observatories and networks that are operated by facilities on behalf of US university consortia. UNAVCO is one such consortium, facilitating geoscience research and education using geodesy. The technology revolution yields increasingly sophisticated and precise geodetic techniques. Individually and through partnerships such as with those EarthScope and JPL, UNAVCO operates geodetic networks around the world with core sponsorship from NSF and NASA. The geodetic component of EarthScope, the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO), is an integrated network of complementary geodetic techniques that sample at seconds (GPS and strain meters) to millennia (geodetic imaging). Other integrated, open geodetic data sets are emerging from around the world: Greenland, Antarctica, Latin America, and Africa. The international research community actively mines and integrates open archives and data sets to support new applications and discoveries, advancing understanding of the complex interactions that drive geodynamics. Ocean loading effects detected by GPS constrains refinements to mantle structure and rheology on the US Pacific seaboard, integration of GPS and accelerometer records yield full displacement seismograms, atmospheric pressure correlates to near-fault deformation in Taiwan, ocean and solid Earth tides modulate slow slip events in Cascadia, the Tohoku tsunami of 2011 registered on strain meters across the Pacific, combinations of GPS and InSAR provide deeper insights into earthquake and volcano deformation than previously possible, annual and inter-annual structure in the GPS time series can now be strongly correlated to ground deformation related to changes in snow load, aquifers, and surface water reservoirs. This synthesis of recent community science contributions reveals the influence of the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and tides in modulating tectonic and glacial processes that are fundamental to understanding natural hazards. SESSION NO. 4, 11:00 Monday, 5 September 2011 T7A. Earth Surface in the Anthropocene Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, A 016 4-1 11:00 Friedrich, Jana DATING OF COASTAL MARINE SEDIMENTS: 210PB AND 137CS IN DANUBE-INFLUENCED BLACK SEA SHELF SEDIMENTS FRIEDRICH, Jana, Marine Geochemistry, Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Am Handelshafen 12, Bremerhaven, 27570, Germany, jana.friedrich@ awi.de, LAPTEV, Gennady, Center for Monitoring Studies and Environmental Technology, Ukrainian Scientific and Research Institute for Hydrometeorology, 37 Prospekt Nauki, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine, and LIEBETRAU, Volker, Marine Biogeochemistry, IFM-GEOMAR, Wischhofstr. 1-3, Kiel, 24148, Germany Coastal marine sediments are natural archives of environmental change due to anthropogenic impact and natural variability in aquatic ecosystems, e.g. coastal erosion, changing river discharge, marine productivity and pollution. Dating of those sediments is a prerequisite for recovering records of change. The natural occurring radionuclide 210Pb and the artificial fallout radionuclides 137Cs and 241Am are applied in dating of recent sediments, i.e. deposited since the beginning of the industrial period. 137Cs serves as an independent time marker for end of the atmospheric bomb test fallout in 1963 and the Chernobyl accident in 1986. Due to its chemical mobility in sediments, the 137Cs signal is often weakened. Complementary, the less mobile 241 241 241 Am may be used. Am originates from decay of the bomb fallout of Pu, and is used as a second time marker of the 1963 event. The northwestern shelf ecosystem of the Black Sea has been hit by eutrophication and pollution from the late 1960’s to the mid-1990’s, largely triggered by Danube River input of Munich, Germany A5 Monday
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Mud-Logging Service Drilling Monito
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