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laboratory animals, lower animals and perhaps even plants. And a smaller but growing minority believes that wa should recognize certain rights even in Inanimate objects such as rocks or landforms, or in the earth Itself—especially in csthetically pleasing or prototypical natural features that arc now relatively unspoiled by human activity. If not legal rights, then at least moral obligations toward the environment that transcend economic motives. (See, e.g., Roderick Nash, "Do Rocks Have Rights?" The Center Hagazlnc, Nov.-Dec. 1977 at 2.) Who Favors Deep-Ocean Dumping? The two positions outlined above are the ethical stances that can be counted on to oppose deep ocean dumping of any kind. Both oppose the enslavement of any part of the natural environment to human convenience or economic interests. In favor of deep-ocean dumping are those vho think remote disposal of dangerous vastus is best both for humans and for the biosphere. Strict blocentrists would also favor the remote disposal option, except that those with a blocentrlc orientation tend also to be wilderness advocates, rights advocates or both. Conclusion In 1972 a respected lav reviev published a seminal article by Christopher Stone on environmental law. The article, entitled "Should Trees Have Standing?," vas widely circulated and discussed. (45 S. Cal. Lav Rev. 450 (reprinted by William Kaufmann, Inc., Los Altos, CAJ.) ("Standing" is a legal term referring to vhether a party vlll be recognized in court.) In 1976 It vas followed by an article by Scott Reed that carried the pun further, entitled "Should Rivers Have Running?" (12 Idaho Law Rev. 153.) To be fully consistent, I should title this paper "Should Oceans Have Sounding?" except that In this preliminary exploration I am not able to answer the question posed by such a title. I shall be content to call it to your attention that there are those who hold the ethical viewpoint that natural features of the planet, such as the deep oceans, should bo accorded rights In themselves, and that policymakers and resource managers will sore and more have to deal vlth people vho hold this view. Copyright 1986 by Daniel Kolth Conner. This paper has bean wrlttan in cooperation with the Mississippi-Alabama Sea Crant Consortium under administration of Grant No. NA81AA-D-O0050 from NOAA'a Office of Sea Grant in the U.S. Department of Commerce and by tho Mississippi Law Research Institute in'the Law Canter of the University of Mississippi. The U.S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. 699
700 Estuarine andCoastal Management -Toolsofthe Abstract only Trade. Proceedingsof the Tenth National Conference of TheCoastal Society. October12-15,1986. New Orleans,LA. Copyrightby TheCoastalSociety 1987. HAZARDOUS WASTES, TURTLES, ANDTHE BEACH: THE FUTURE OFPADRE ISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE Alan D. Risenhoover, Robert B. Ditton, and James H. Gramann DepartmentofRecreationand Parb Texas A&M University CollegeStation.TX 77843 This paperevaluates the risks to users from two external threats at PadreIsland National Seashore, Texas: 1) Barrelswashing ashore,some ofwhich contain potentially hazardous wastes, and 2) The possibility ofendangered Kemp's ridley sea turtles fl^nirlnchelvn k£mpj) returningto PadreIslandNationalSeashoreto nest By the mid 1970'sbarrelswashingashoreat PadreIslandwere increasingly becoming aconcern becauseof the suspectmaterials they contained. Also portions of Padre Islandbeaches may be closed duringthe monthsofhighestvisitationto protectKemp's ridley seaturtles that may be nesting. Distributionofuse datawere obtainedthrougha visitor survey during June,July, August, and September1985. Thesedatawereusedto predictareasof greatest risk to visitorsfromcontactwith hazardous wastes,andto identify theeffect of beach closure on visitation to Padre Island National Seashore. Results indicate that the risk to visitors from hazardous wastes is greatestin the upper six miles ofthe study area. Fishermen areexposedto greater levelsof risk in thedown-island areas thanarebeach users. If Kemp's ridley seaturtlesreturnto PadreIslandNationalSeashoreto nest and the beachmust be closedforthis purpose, a higherpercentage of fishermen will be displaced than will beach users. By determining the distributionofuse in a particulararea,managers arebetterableto quantifytheeffect of external threats. Risk assessments havetraditionally addressed external threats affecting Ihe health of aspecific population, such asrisks associated with hazardous wastes. Further, it is arguedthatrisk assessments associated with impactson recreation arealsousefulto managerial decisionmaking.
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HT 390 .C66 C66 1986 v.2 Thomas EBi
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Copyright® 1987 The Coastal Societ
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"PROPERTY OF NOAA COASTAL K_CE3 CEN
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PLENARY SESSIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHARACTERIZING A SYSTEM Choir. Char
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TRACKING TOXICS Chair Susan Harvey
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The Use ofthe NationalWater DataExc
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The Site Selection Process foraChes
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES Resource
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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398 the particular Interests, envir
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400 data, a developer may discover
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Estuarine and Coastal Management
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fortune to work with several coasta
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growth economics, local feelings ab
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410 unprotected coastal barriers wi
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412 caveats. The greatest concerns
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -
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Model of Resort Evolution R. Initia
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Pensacola Beach Like Fort Myers Bea
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had again contributed to serious en
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Estuarine andCoastal Management -To
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High altitude and oblique aerial ph
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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432 system, the LEO system is start
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434 b. Hind observations (Figure 5)
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436 LEO PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF WAVE
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438 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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440 appropriate variables and param
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STEPbTSB NBICHBOB SBCBDI CANDISC NE
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Estuarineand Coastal Management Too
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(figures 1 and 2). On a first order
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variables. This resulted in a set o
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Estuarine andCoastal Management •
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help canaands and dictionaries are
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Access to System All requests for a
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460 Why Is NOAA Unarmed In ftnMfal
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462 To test this procedure, a simpl
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464 Cowardln, L.M.. V. Carter, F.C.
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466 between the participating indiv
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468 Data Search Assistance Through
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470 Additional Information For addi
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472 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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474 FIGURE 2 OPDIN RESOURCES NMPIS
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476 means ot access, determination
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478 NMPPO. 1985b. Inventory of Non-
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EDUCATING DECISIONMAKERS William Ei
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prediction of the effects of changi
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Management Oommittee did slightly r
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The causes of the degradation of wa
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quality. For a commission to adopt
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494 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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496 authorities prior to any land d
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498 boon based largely on ono piece
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500 Interstate Agreement on Chesape
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -T
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In general, though, these relations
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meetings. Their recommendations ver
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etveen any other academic departmen
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Many of these same demands vere mad
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Estuarineand Coastal Management- To
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The private sector The motivation f
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It's more and more obvious: those w
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The Center's role is limited to ide
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County. The resulting roport, "Cons
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and shellflshing; to provide open s
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The COD is innovative as a performa
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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provide adequate information for a
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Aquaculture project The most recent
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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CHESAPEAKEBAY VirginiaTippie,Chair
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542 program with an investment of 2
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Estuarine andCoastalManagement - To
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methodology being proposed - develo
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major sections of the 1972 Clean Wa
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Prioritizing makes best use of the
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Degradation of the Bay has taken a
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558 federal agencies, additional tr
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560 ing system 1t would be helpful
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obtained, or shoreline changes-were
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SAV was sighted as well as water co
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canadensis and Zannlchelia palustri
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greatest percent increases occurrin
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Orth, R.J., K.L. Heck, Jr. and J. v
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Bromley (1978) considered (1) propo
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2. Rnyulntorv nrogram-i A number of
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private nuisance is an interference
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property rule. If Congress passed s
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nonpoint source water pollution con
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Estuarineand CoastalManagement - To
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cannot be granted unless there is u
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ecomes subject to cancellation. An
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REFERENCES Morrison, M.D. and M.K.
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598 other agencies are Involved in
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600 requirements for dumping of ves
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602 oatorlal in the future. The oil
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Application of the doctrine of Impl
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oundaries of the dry sand area and
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compilation of existing data. Areas
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To rank areas based on observed con
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In spatial coverage of previous stu
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satellites to the reserve system, a
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types of geomorphological features
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Manao-gmgnr conaldpratH onn — The
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productivity. The National Estuarin
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Estuarine and Coastal Management To
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equired to validate the sensitivity
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goal, an uncertainty analysis was c
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Precision of the sediment quality v
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Estuarine andCoastal Management -To
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Independent variable that is assume
Page 244 and 245: Possible outcomes of the experiment
Page 246 and 247: PREPARING FOR EMERGENCIES James McQ
Page 248 and 249: 648 The evacuation of more than 500
Page 250 and 251: 650 terminal; $220,000 for an oil s
Page 252 and 253: 652 U.S. Highway 98 damage estimate
Page 254 and 255: 654 Spangenbcrg, T. 1986. Personal
Page 256 and 257: LOUISIANA'S BATTLEWITH THE SEA; ITS
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Page 260 and 261: Qco ISLES DERltt^ km & Figure 2. Hi
Page 262 and 263: Objectives The first objective of t
Page 264 and 265: STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 1
Page 266 and 267: The St. Petersburg tide gauge stati
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Page 270 and 271: elative sea level rise is 0.33 cm/y
Page 272 and 273: References Byrne, P., Borengasser,
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Page 276 and 277: these times that the increase in vu
Page 278 and 279: econstruction projects. Conclusion
Page 280 and 281: RESOLVING CONFLICTS/ASSESSING RISKS
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Page 284 and 285: BEACH EVOLUTION AFTER CAUSEWAY CONS
Page 286 and 287: 690 and overriding the facility. Ic
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Page 290 and 291: Inextricably wound up with religion
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Page 300 and 301: 708 these projects. Our criteria fo
Page 302 and 303: 710 S. alternlflora established on
Page 304 and 305: 712 Additional compensation by ropl
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Page 319 and 320: management emphasis Is now affectin
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Page 323 and 324: 734 assemblages; Juvenile fish and
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Page 327 and 328: 738 Future Harsh Creation. We are n
Page 329 and 330: 740 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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Page 333 and 334: This site also satisfied several ot
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Page 339 and 340: 752 More lumber companieslaunched o
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758 Stover, j. F. 1955. The Railroa
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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contain detailed Information about
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production Is uncertain. Thus, the
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Estuarine and Coastal Management To
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES
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776 seagrasses and associated biota
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778 FLORIDA BIG BEND SEAGRASS HABIT
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780 Barle, S. A. 1972. Benthic alga
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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The Florida alligator nuisance prog
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In Louisiana, a computer simulation
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Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish C
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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794 Mississippi Born * Island Petit
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796" important means of preserving
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f 798 man-modified environments. Th
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