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406 There is a wide variation in the administration of local governments. Small towns, in particular, can be operating with a town manager who may have a degree in public administration with years of experience or a part time town clerk with a high school diploma and very little experi ence. Some towns are functioning without the benefit of a planning board or technical planning assistance, while other towns may have a planning department with several professional planners to assist the planning board and the town council. In a number of instances towns will seek ad ditional assistance for land use planning if local planning tasks consume too much of the local planner's time. In the case of Kill Devil Hills the town planner opted for some outside assistance. The planner and the planning board desired a public opinion survey and analysis to be con ducted as part of the land use planning effort which would allow town officials guidance in their decision making process and assist in formu lating policies on the local land use issues. The survey served them well, for they not only obtained slightly over a (lfty percent response, they garnered some valuable insight related to the local coastal issues. The Importance of public participation cannot be overstresscd. But time to conduct the survey and analysis could not be afforded at the local level. Unfortunately not all towns have the financing to seek the assis tance they so badly need to carry out a continuous effort of town plan ning. In any case It Is not easy to plan in a community, nor is it easy to manage a program such as CAMA in an area where just 'making ends meet' is the primary concern of the people. Finally, there is the concern of local leadership. It Is difficult to get people excited about CAMA. Conerally there arc two factions in the community: 1) prodcvelopment, and 2) proenvlronment. The scenario varies dependent upon how strong the leaders of these factions arc. And it It is not unusual for town boards to vary in their thinking from one election to another. That is, during one term the board may be for devel opment, and in the next the board will be against development. In some places the land use plan is constantly amended, in others the land use plan is used as a firm guiding hand, and in others it isn't used at all. By having a land use plan In place and setting policies for the coastal environment does not necessarily mean that the coastal area will be ade quately or uniformly dealt with. There are no assurances that In the application of CAMA the environment will be under less stress. If the local leadership takes a lax attitude concerning the local environment, the likelihood that the plan will be utilized in Its entirety Is small. Consequently, some communities have a successful continuous planning pro cess which tends to Improve the coastal environment, while other com munities have a somewhat loose interpretation of the planning process which allows our coasts to be impacted. Some Final Thoughts Many parts of the coastal area will continue to have growth. The land use plan helps in the effort to lessen the impact of this growth, but It is no panccea for holding or reducing environmental Impact. This is particularly the case when some of my planning colleagues arc suggest ing that the carrying capacity of the barrier islands or the coastal plain be based on maximum levels of groundwater withdrawal, maximum waste water treatment capacities, and how fast the area can be evacuated with more traffic .lanes in the event of a storm. Consideration of land avail ability, stonrwater runoff Impact on water quality, alternatives to
growth economics, local feelings about land use densities and mixes, and many other factors must be used in order to Improve the coastal environ ment. We have a beginning in North Carolina. We have had some problems, but we have had many successes with CAMA. Hopefully, CAMA will be im proved. Perhaps it might even be expanded to include whole drainage basins or the entire state. We certainly need it for our coasts arc finite and fragile. REFERENCES Carlisle, Howard M., 1976, Management: Concepts and Situations, Science Research Associates, Inc., Chicago, 703 pp. Guernsey, Lee, 1972, Trends in Land Use Regulations in Coastal Zones, In THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER, Vol. XXIV, No. 3, pp 257-258. North Carolina Administrative Code, 1974, An Act Relating to Management of the Coastal Area of North Carolina, Article 7. 407
Page 1 and 2: HT 390 .C66 C66 1986 v.2 Thomas EBi
Page 3 and 4: Copyright® 1987 The Coastal Societ
Page 5 and 6: "PROPERTY OF NOAA COASTAL K_CE3 CEN
Page 7 and 8: PLENARY SESSIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page 9 and 10: CHARACTERIZING A SYSTEM Choir. Char
Page 11 and 12: TRACKING TOXICS Chair Susan Harvey
Page 13 and 14: The Use ofthe NationalWater DataExc
Page 15 and 16: The Site Selection Process foraChes
Page 17 and 18: MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES Resource
Page 19 and 20: Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
Page 21 and 22: 398 the particular Interests, envir
Page 23 and 24: 400 data, a developer may discover
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Page 27: fortune to work with several coasta
Page 31 and 32: 410 unprotected coastal barriers wi
Page 33 and 34: 412 caveats. The greatest concerns
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Page 37 and 38: Model of Resort Evolution R. Initia
Page 39 and 40: Pensacola Beach Like Fort Myers Bea
Page 41 and 42: had again contributed to serious en
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Page 45 and 46: High altitude and oblique aerial ph
Page 47 and 48: Estuarineand Coastal Management•
Page 50 and 51: 432 system, the LEO system is start
Page 52 and 53: 434 b. Hind observations (Figure 5)
Page 54 and 55: 436 LEO PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF WAVE
Page 56 and 57: 438 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
Page 58 and 59: 440 appropriate variables and param
Page 60 and 61: STEPbTSB NBICHBOB SBCBDI CANDISC NE
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Page 64 and 65: (figures 1 and 2). On a first order
Page 66 and 67: variables. This resulted in a set o
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Page 71 and 72: help canaands and dictionaries are
Page 73 and 74: Access to System All requests for a
Page 75 and 76: 460 Why Is NOAA Unarmed In ftnMfal
Page 77 and 78: 462 To test this procedure, a simpl
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464 Cowardln, L.M.. V. Carter, F.C.
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466 between the participating indiv
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468 Data Search Assistance Through
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470 Additional Information For addi
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472 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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474 FIGURE 2 OPDIN RESOURCES NMPIS
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476 means ot access, determination
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478 NMPPO. 1985b. Inventory of Non-
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EDUCATING DECISIONMAKERS William Ei
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prediction of the effects of changi
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Management Oommittee did slightly r
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The causes of the degradation of wa
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quality. For a commission to adopt
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494 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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496 authorities prior to any land d
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498 boon based largely on ono piece
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500 Interstate Agreement on Chesape
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -T
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In general, though, these relations
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meetings. Their recommendations ver
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etveen any other academic departmen
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Many of these same demands vere mad
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Estuarineand Coastal Management- To
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The private sector The motivation f
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It's more and more obvious: those w
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The Center's role is limited to ide
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -
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County. The resulting roport, "Cons
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and shellflshing; to provide open s
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The COD is innovative as a performa
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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provide adequate information for a
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Aquaculture project The most recent
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CHESAPEAKEBAY VirginiaTippie,Chair
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542 program with an investment of 2
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Estuarine andCoastalManagement - To
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methodology being proposed - develo
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major sections of the 1972 Clean Wa
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Prioritizing makes best use of the
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Degradation of the Bay has taken a
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558 federal agencies, additional tr
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560 ing system 1t would be helpful
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obtained, or shoreline changes-were
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SAV was sighted as well as water co
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canadensis and Zannlchelia palustri
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greatest percent increases occurrin
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Orth, R.J., K.L. Heck, Jr. and J. v
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Bromley (1978) considered (1) propo
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2. Rnyulntorv nrogram-i A number of
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private nuisance is an interference
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property rule. If Congress passed s
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nonpoint source water pollution con
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Estuarineand CoastalManagement - To
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cannot be granted unless there is u
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ecomes subject to cancellation. An
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REFERENCES Morrison, M.D. and M.K.
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598 other agencies are Involved in
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600 requirements for dumping of ves
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602 oatorlal in the future. The oil
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Application of the doctrine of Impl
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oundaries of the dry sand area and
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compilation of existing data. Areas
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To rank areas based on observed con
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In spatial coverage of previous stu
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satellites to the reserve system, a
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types of geomorphological features
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Manao-gmgnr conaldpratH onn — The
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productivity. The National Estuarin
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Estuarine and Coastal Management To
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equired to validate the sensitivity
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goal, an uncertainty analysis was c
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Precision of the sediment quality v
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Estuarine andCoastal Management -To
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Independent variable that is assume
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Possible outcomes of the experiment
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PREPARING FOR EMERGENCIES James McQ
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648 The evacuation of more than 500
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650 terminal; $220,000 for an oil s
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652 U.S. Highway 98 damage estimate
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654 Spangenbcrg, T. 1986. Personal
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LOUISIANA'S BATTLEWITH THE SEA; ITS
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Qco ISLES DERltt^ km & Figure 2. Hi
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Objectives The first objective of t
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STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 1
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The St. Petersburg tide gauge stati
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STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 2
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elative sea level rise is 0.33 cm/y
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References Byrne, P., Borengasser,
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these times that the increase in vu
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econstruction projects. Conclusion
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RESOLVING CONFLICTS/ASSESSING RISKS
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686 lightering is estimated at $69
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BEACH EVOLUTION AFTER CAUSEWAY CONS
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690 and overriding the facility. Ic
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Inextricably wound up with religion
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ethics is that advocated by Leopold
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laboratory animals, lower animals a
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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708 these projects. Our criteria fo
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710 S. alternlflora established on
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712 Additional compensation by ropl
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714 to the question of placement (l
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716 criteria adequate to achieve th
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718 Nixon, S. W. 1980. Between coas
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720 of them because of this distanc
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722 Light penetration Is probably o
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement-Too
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management emphasis Is now affectin
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734 assemblages; Juvenile fish and
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-J 736 The heavy material falls out
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738 Future Harsh Creation. We are n
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740 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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Estuarine andCoastal Management -To
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This site also satisfied several ot
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successful implementation of such a
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750 I.C.R.R Fig. I
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752 More lumber companieslaunched o
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754 the track. When ties nasoed rep
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756 Schlleder spared no expense, no
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758 Stover, j. F. 1955. The Railroa
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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contain detailed Information about
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production Is uncertain. Thus, the
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES
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776 seagrasses and associated biota
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778 FLORIDA BIG BEND SEAGRASS HABIT
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780 Barle, S. A. 1972. Benthic alga
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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The Florida alligator nuisance prog
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In Louisiana, a computer simulation
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Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish C
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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794 Mississippi Born * Island Petit
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796" important means of preserving
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f 798 man-modified environments. Th
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