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586 program would not bo the only difficulty accompanying such a change. Enforcing water quality regulations is especially difficult for nonpoint pollution because extonsive monitoring is required and complicated linkages between water quality and land use practices must be established. Each parcel of land has a unique potontial for contributing to pollution. Enforcing a reallocation of rights away from farmers would bs very expensive. Transaction costs associated with alternative programs should also be considered. Leaving tbe entitlement in tho hands of the farmers but changing from a property rule to a liability rule for protection could bo expected to reduce transaction costs, as suggosted by Bromley. Such a reduction might offset somewhat the costs associated with compensation of tho farmers undor tho required cost sharing. If the rights are reallocated so that the public is entitled, the soil loss tax stratogy would likely bo preforablo to tho regulatory program in terms of lower transaction costs. This assumes legally acceptable measures of control. However, the allocation, as well as distribution, of the costs would bo an additional issue with which the government would have to deal. Summary A right ("entitlement") confers favor among individuals or groups making ccapotlng claims to an objoct or privilego. In defining rights, two matters must bo decldod: (1) initial ownership (allocation) of rights, and (b) rules under which they may be exchanged. Collective enforcement of both the initial allocation and the conditions for exchango is required of a legal system to have meaning. Tho rules for exchange of rights includo: (1) proporty rules, (2) liability rules, and (3) Inalienability. Curront and proposed programs to reduce and eliminate nonpoint source pollution impact tho allocation and uso of rights. As the environmental impacts of extracting our agricultural bounty havo become more apparent, farmers' use of natural resources havo become subject to ooro csroful review and regulation. Farnors' rights and the rights of others aro In a state of transition. Proposals for nonpoint pollution control would condition farmors' rights to use land on effocts that uses have on others, principally usors of water and aquatic environments. Hany of theso proposals would change the proporty rule of allocating rights to a liability rule. Proposed programs which fall into one category or tho other have been outlined. Altornatlvo methods of reducing tax exponditurea for offending pollutants could increase tho cost of pollution to farmers. Any change from tho current program will bo costly. Thoro aro two kinds of costs associated with nonpoint source water pollution - the costs of doing something and tho costs of doing nothing. Changes in proporty rights will involve administrative, enforcement and compensation costs. As public concern over
nonpoint source water pollution continues to mount, changes become more likely. However, such change oust be effective, enforceable and ethical. As Braden (1982) has asserted, an acceptable progroo will be ono which provides a mechanism by which the public intorest can bo sorved while providing fair compensation to owners whose rights are exchanged by fiat, retains tho flexibility of individual ownership, and is consistent with the national ethic of maximum individual liberties consistont with tho general welfare. References Bonbrook, Charles, 1979, "Integrating Soil and Commodity Prograas: A Policy Proposal", Journal c>f Soil and Water Conservation. 34(4) 160-167. Braden, John B. , 1982, "Soma Emerging Rights in Agricultural Land." Amnrtean Journal flf Agricultural Economics. 61(1): 19-27. Bromley, Daniel W., 1978, "Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Environmental Economics", Journal EsgjlS- Ihhucs 12 (1978): 43-60. Calabresl, Guido and A. Douglas Helamed. 1972. "Property Rulos, Liability Rules, and Inalienability: One View of tho Cathedral." Harvard Law RejciflB. 85: 1089-1128. Davidson, John. 1981. Agricultural Law. Shepherds/McGraw-Hill. Ervin, David, William D. Heffornon, Gary P. Green, "Cross- Compliance for Erosion Control: Anticipating Efficiency and Distributive Impacts", 1984, American Journal of Agricultural Efionfialca 66(3) 273-228. Just v. Marinate Co. Wis. 2d 7, 201 N.W. 2d 761 (1972). Harch, Richard A. , Randall A. Kramer, and L. Leon Geyer. 1981. "Nonpoint Source Water Pollution and Section 208 Planning: Logal and Institutional Issues." Tha Agricultural L£H Journal. Summer: 324-355. Killer, William L. , Josoph H. Gill, 1976, "Equity Considerations in Controlling Non-Point Pollution from Agricultural Sources", Amur lean Water Rnnraircwn Association. 12(2) 2S3-261. Prosser, W. 1971. Torts 63-79. West Publishing. Rogers W., Handbook on Environmental Law, 183-185 (1977). Stato Water Control Board v. Train 599 F.2d (921 (1977). U.S. Congress. 1972. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments. Public Law 95-200. 587
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HT 390 .C66 C66 1986 v.2 Thomas EBi
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Copyright® 1987 The Coastal Societ
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"PROPERTY OF NOAA COASTAL K_CE3 CEN
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PLENARY SESSIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHARACTERIZING A SYSTEM Choir. Char
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TRACKING TOXICS Chair Susan Harvey
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The Use ofthe NationalWater DataExc
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The Site Selection Process foraChes
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES Resource
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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398 the particular Interests, envir
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400 data, a developer may discover
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Estuarine and Coastal Management
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fortune to work with several coasta
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growth economics, local feelings ab
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410 unprotected coastal barriers wi
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412 caveats. The greatest concerns
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -
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Model of Resort Evolution R. Initia
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Pensacola Beach Like Fort Myers Bea
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had again contributed to serious en
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Estuarine andCoastal Management -To
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High altitude and oblique aerial ph
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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432 system, the LEO system is start
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434 b. Hind observations (Figure 5)
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436 LEO PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF WAVE
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438 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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440 appropriate variables and param
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STEPbTSB NBICHBOB SBCBDI CANDISC NE
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Estuarineand Coastal Management Too
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(figures 1 and 2). On a first order
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variables. This resulted in a set o
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Estuarine andCoastal Management •
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help canaands and dictionaries are
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Access to System All requests for a
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460 Why Is NOAA Unarmed In ftnMfal
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462 To test this procedure, a simpl
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464 Cowardln, L.M.. V. Carter, F.C.
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466 between the participating indiv
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468 Data Search Assistance Through
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470 Additional Information For addi
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472 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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474 FIGURE 2 OPDIN RESOURCES NMPIS
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476 means ot access, determination
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478 NMPPO. 1985b. Inventory of Non-
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480 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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EDUCATING DECISIONMAKERS William Ei
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prediction of the effects of changi
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Management Oommittee did slightly r
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The causes of the degradation of wa
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quality. For a commission to adopt
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496 authorities prior to any land d
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498 boon based largely on ono piece
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500 Interstate Agreement on Chesape
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -T
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In general, though, these relations
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meetings. Their recommendations ver
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etveen any other academic departmen
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Many of these same demands vere mad
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Estuarineand Coastal Management- To
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The private sector The motivation f
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It's more and more obvious: those w
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The Center's role is limited to ide
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County. The resulting roport, "Cons
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and shellflshing; to provide open s
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Page 143 and 144: provide adequate information for a
Page 145 and 146: Aquaculture project The most recent
Page 147 and 148: Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
Page 149 and 150: CHESAPEAKEBAY VirginiaTippie,Chair
Page 151 and 152: 542 program with an investment of 2
Page 153 and 154: 544 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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Page 157 and 158: methodology being proposed - develo
Page 159 and 160: major sections of the 1972 Clean Wa
Page 161 and 162: Prioritizing makes best use of the
Page 163 and 164: Degradation of the Bay has taken a
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Page 167 and 168: 560 ing system 1t would be helpful
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Page 171 and 172: obtained, or shoreline changes-were
Page 173 and 174: SAV was sighted as well as water co
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Page 179 and 180: Orth, R.J., K.L. Heck, Jr. and J. v
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Page 183 and 184: Bromley (1978) considered (1) propo
Page 185 and 186: 2. Rnyulntorv nrogram-i A number of
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Page 189: property rule. If Congress passed s
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Page 195 and 196: cannot be granted unless there is u
Page 197 and 198: ecomes subject to cancellation. An
Page 199 and 200: REFERENCES Morrison, M.D. and M.K.
Page 201 and 202: 598 other agencies are Involved in
Page 203 and 204: 600 requirements for dumping of ves
Page 205 and 206: 602 oatorlal in the future. The oil
Page 209 and 210: Application of the doctrine of Impl
Page 211: oundaries of the dry sand area and
Page 216 and 217: compilation of existing data. Areas
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Page 226 and 227: types of geomorphological features
Page 228 and 229: Manao-gmgnr conaldpratH onn — The
Page 230 and 231: productivity. The National Estuarin
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Page 234 and 235: equired to validate the sensitivity
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Independent variable that is assume
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Possible outcomes of the experiment
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PREPARING FOR EMERGENCIES James McQ
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648 The evacuation of more than 500
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650 terminal; $220,000 for an oil s
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652 U.S. Highway 98 damage estimate
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654 Spangenbcrg, T. 1986. Personal
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LOUISIANA'S BATTLEWITH THE SEA; ITS
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Qco ISLES DERltt^ km & Figure 2. Hi
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Objectives The first objective of t
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STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 1
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The St. Petersburg tide gauge stati
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STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 2
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elative sea level rise is 0.33 cm/y
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References Byrne, P., Borengasser,
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these times that the increase in vu
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econstruction projects. Conclusion
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RESOLVING CONFLICTS/ASSESSING RISKS
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686 lightering is estimated at $69
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BEACH EVOLUTION AFTER CAUSEWAY CONS
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690 and overriding the facility. Ic
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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Inextricably wound up with religion
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ethics is that advocated by Leopold
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laboratory animals, lower animals a
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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Estuarine and Coastal Management To
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708 these projects. Our criteria fo
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710 S. alternlflora established on
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712 Additional compensation by ropl
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714 to the question of placement (l
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716 criteria adequate to achieve th
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718 Nixon, S. W. 1980. Between coas
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720 of them because of this distanc
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722 Light penetration Is probably o
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement-Too
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management emphasis Is now affectin
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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734 assemblages; Juvenile fish and
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-J 736 The heavy material falls out
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738 Future Harsh Creation. We are n
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This site also satisfied several ot
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successful implementation of such a
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750 I.C.R.R Fig. I
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752 More lumber companieslaunched o
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754 the track. When ties nasoed rep
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756 Schlleder spared no expense, no
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758 Stover, j. F. 1955. The Railroa
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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contain detailed Information about
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production Is uncertain. Thus, the
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Estuarine and Coastal Management To
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES
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776 seagrasses and associated biota
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778 FLORIDA BIG BEND SEAGRASS HABIT
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780 Barle, S. A. 1972. Benthic alga
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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The Florida alligator nuisance prog
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In Louisiana, a computer simulation
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Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish C
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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794 Mississippi Born * Island Petit
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796" important means of preserving
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f 798 man-modified environments. Th
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