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564 Resources (DNR) boat survey of SAV in the Maryland waters, which began In 1971, indicated a decline in Maryland SAV. In 1984 an aerial survey of the Maryland and Virginia SAV communities was again conducted. In addition, ground survey information available for 1984 was included to provide as detailed a picture as possible of the distribution of SAV that year (Orth, et al., 198S). Results of this study indicated that SAV was still declining 1n 9 of the 13 sections of the Maryland Chesapeake Bay. The most positive note was In the upper Potomac River where SAV has been increasing rapidly in recent years. An aerial photographic survey for SAV adjacent to the shoreline of the Maryland and Virginia Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries was repeated in 1985. This paper summarizes methodologies used for the aerial surveys and documents the dramatic changes seen In SAV abundance in Maryland in 1985. It also discusses possible reasons for the resurgence in SAV seen in some portions of the Maryland Bay. Methods Aerial photographic Interpretation and mapping Aerial photographic interpretation was the principal method used to assess the distribution of SAV in the Maryland Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries In the 1978, 1984 and 1985 studies. Predetermined flight lines for photography of areas that either had SAV or could potentially have SAV (that is, all areas where water depths were less than 2 m at mean low water) were drawn on 1:250,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) maps to ensure both complete coverage of SAV beds and inclusion of land features as control points for mapping accuracy. The general guidelines used for mission planning and execution address tidal stage, plant growth, sun elevation, water transparency and atmospheric transparency, turbidity, wind, sensor operation and plotting and allowed for acquisition of photographs under near optimal conditions. The guidelines are critical because significant distortion of any one item could significantly decrease the ability to detect the SAV or to interpret the photography properly as to the presence or absence of SAV. Color aerial photography at a scale of 1:12,000 was acquired for SAV mapping in 1985. The camera used was a Zeiss Jena LKK 15/2323 with a 153 am (6.02 Inch) focal length Zeiss Jena Lamegon PI/C lens. The film used was Kodak 24 cm (9 1/2 Inch) square positive Aerochrome MS type 2448. SAV beds were Identified on the photographs using knowledge of aquatic grass signatures on the film, areas of grass coverage from previous flights, and ground truth information. Mylar topographic quadrangles at a scale of 1:12,000 were used as base maps. Delineation of SAV bed boundaries onto the mylar maps was facilitated by superimposing the appropriate ioylar quadrangle over the transparent photograph on a light table, where minor scale differences were evident between the photograph and quadrangle or where significant shoreline erosion or accretion had occurred since production of the tup, a best fit was
obtained, or shoreline changes-were noted on the quadrangle. Areas of SAV beds were digitized from the 1:12,000 scale draft SAV maps, on a Calma Graphic Interactive Image Analysis System. In addition to the boundaries of the SAV bed, an estimate of percent cover within each bed was made visually in comparison with an enlarged Crown Density Scale, similar to those developed for estimating forest tree crown cover from aerial photography. Bed density was classified into one of four categories based on a subjective comparison with the density scale. These were: 1. very sparse,
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HT 390 .C66 C66 1986 v.2 Thomas EBi
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Copyright® 1987 The Coastal Societ
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"PROPERTY OF NOAA COASTAL K_CE3 CEN
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PLENARY SESSIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS
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CHARACTERIZING A SYSTEM Choir. Char
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TRACKING TOXICS Chair Susan Harvey
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The Use ofthe NationalWater DataExc
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The Site Selection Process foraChes
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES Resource
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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398 the particular Interests, envir
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400 data, a developer may discover
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Estuarine and Coastal Management
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fortune to work with several coasta
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growth economics, local feelings ab
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410 unprotected coastal barriers wi
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412 caveats. The greatest concerns
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -
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Model of Resort Evolution R. Initia
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Pensacola Beach Like Fort Myers Bea
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had again contributed to serious en
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Estuarine andCoastal Management -To
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High altitude and oblique aerial ph
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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432 system, the LEO system is start
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434 b. Hind observations (Figure 5)
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436 LEO PERCENT OCCURRENCE OF WAVE
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438 Estuarine and Coastal Managemen
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440 appropriate variables and param
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STEPbTSB NBICHBOB SBCBDI CANDISC NE
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Estuarineand Coastal Management Too
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(figures 1 and 2). On a first order
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variables. This resulted in a set o
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Estuarine andCoastal Management •
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help canaands and dictionaries are
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Access to System All requests for a
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460 Why Is NOAA Unarmed In ftnMfal
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462 To test this procedure, a simpl
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464 Cowardln, L.M.. V. Carter, F.C.
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466 between the participating indiv
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468 Data Search Assistance Through
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470 Additional Information For addi
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472 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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474 FIGURE 2 OPDIN RESOURCES NMPIS
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476 means ot access, determination
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478 NMPPO. 1985b. Inventory of Non-
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480 Estuarine andCoastal Management
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EDUCATING DECISIONMAKERS William Ei
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prediction of the effects of changi
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Management Oommittee did slightly r
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The causes of the degradation of wa
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quality. For a commission to adopt
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496 authorities prior to any land d
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498 boon based largely on ono piece
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500 Interstate Agreement on Chesape
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -T
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In general, though, these relations
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Page 121 and 122: etveen any other academic departmen
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Page 127 and 128: The private sector The motivation f
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Page 131 and 132: The Center's role is limited to ide
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Page 135 and 136: County. The resulting roport, "Cons
Page 137 and 138: and shellflshing; to provide open s
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Page 143 and 144: provide adequate information for a
Page 145 and 146: Aquaculture project The most recent
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Page 149 and 150: CHESAPEAKEBAY VirginiaTippie,Chair
Page 151 and 152: 542 program with an investment of 2
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Page 157 and 158: methodology being proposed - develo
Page 159 and 160: major sections of the 1972 Clean Wa
Page 161 and 162: Prioritizing makes best use of the
Page 163 and 164: Degradation of the Bay has taken a
Page 165 and 166: 558 federal agencies, additional tr
Page 167 and 168: 560 ing system 1t would be helpful
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Page 173 and 174: SAV was sighted as well as water co
Page 175 and 176: canadensis and Zannlchelia palustri
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Page 179 and 180: Orth, R.J., K.L. Heck, Jr. and J. v
Page 183 and 184: Bromley (1978) considered (1) propo
Page 185 and 186: 2. Rnyulntorv nrogram-i A number of
Page 187 and 188: private nuisance is an interference
Page 189 and 190: property rule. If Congress passed s
Page 191 and 192: nonpoint source water pollution con
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Page 195 and 196: cannot be granted unless there is u
Page 197 and 198: ecomes subject to cancellation. An
Page 199 and 200: REFERENCES Morrison, M.D. and M.K.
Page 201 and 202: 598 other agencies are Involved in
Page 203 and 204: 600 requirements for dumping of ves
Page 205 and 206: 602 oatorlal in the future. The oil
Page 209 and 210: Application of the doctrine of Impl
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In spatial coverage of previous stu
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Estuarineand Coastal Management- To
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satellites to the reserve system, a
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types of geomorphological features
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Manao-gmgnr conaldpratH onn — The
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productivity. The National Estuarin
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Estuarine and Coastal Management To
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equired to validate the sensitivity
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goal, an uncertainty analysis was c
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Precision of the sediment quality v
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Independent variable that is assume
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Possible outcomes of the experiment
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PREPARING FOR EMERGENCIES James McQ
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648 The evacuation of more than 500
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650 terminal; $220,000 for an oil s
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652 U.S. Highway 98 damage estimate
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654 Spangenbcrg, T. 1986. Personal
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LOUISIANA'S BATTLEWITH THE SEA; ITS
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Qco ISLES DERltt^ km & Figure 2. Hi
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Objectives The first objective of t
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STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 1
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The St. Petersburg tide gauge stati
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STATION NUMBER STATION NAME TABLE 2
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elative sea level rise is 0.33 cm/y
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References Byrne, P., Borengasser,
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these times that the increase in vu
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econstruction projects. Conclusion
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RESOLVING CONFLICTS/ASSESSING RISKS
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686 lightering is estimated at $69
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BEACH EVOLUTION AFTER CAUSEWAY CONS
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690 and overriding the facility. Ic
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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Inextricably wound up with religion
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ethics is that advocated by Leopold
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laboratory animals, lower animals a
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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708 these projects. Our criteria fo
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710 S. alternlflora established on
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712 Additional compensation by ropl
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714 to the question of placement (l
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716 criteria adequate to achieve th
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718 Nixon, S. W. 1980. Between coas
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720 of them because of this distanc
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722 Light penetration Is probably o
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement-Too
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management emphasis Is now affectin
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Estuarine andCoastal Management - T
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734 assemblages; Juvenile fish and
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-J 736 The heavy material falls out
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738 Future Harsh Creation. We are n
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This site also satisfied several ot
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successful implementation of such a
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750 I.C.R.R Fig. I
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752 More lumber companieslaunched o
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754 the track. When ties nasoed rep
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756 Schlleder spared no expense, no
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758 Stover, j. F. 1955. The Railroa
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Estuarine and Coastal Management -
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Estuarineand Coastal Management•
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contain detailed Information about
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production Is uncertain. Thus, the
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MANAGING LIVING RESOURCES
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776 seagrasses and associated biota
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778 FLORIDA BIG BEND SEAGRASS HABIT
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780 Barle, S. A. 1972. Benthic alga
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Estuarine andCoastal Management-Too
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The Florida alligator nuisance prog
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In Louisiana, a computer simulation
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Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish C
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Estuarine and CoastalManagement - T
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794 Mississippi Born * Island Petit
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796" important means of preserving
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f 798 man-modified environments. Th
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