10.02.2013
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The HIV epidemic has brought renewed attention to the immune system and an enhanced understanding of its mechanisms for defending against infection. Despite the development of potent chemotherapeutic agents against HIV, chronic HIV infection cannot be cured over the long term with this approach. Chronic exposure to these medications is limited by debilitating toxicities and the development of drug resistance. Hence, there is a need to understand how the immune system can be manipulated to effect better control of viral replication and disease progression. This effort is proceeding in tandem with progress toward development of an effective vaccine. Other infections, particularly those for which the development of safe, effective chemotherapy has proved difficult, have been targeted with specific immunotherapeutic approaches, from monoclonal antibodies to vaccines to interferons and cytokines. Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases is intended to review the state-of-the-art developments of this rapidly emerging and evolving field. Much of the work in this area is only beginning to be appreciated by clinicians and medical scientists. We hope Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases will not only serve as a useful guide to current knowledge of the field, but will also stimulate readers to contribute to its further development. As such, the book should be of interest to basic scientists and clinicians active in the fields of immunology and infectious diseases, particularly HIV infection. Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases is divided into four sections. The first section provides an overview of the basic principles of immune defense, as seen in the context of developing strategies of immunotherapy. Humoral and cellular immunity are reviewed. Because many infectious agents enter and exit through mucosal surfaces, there has been growing appreciation of the role of mucosal immunity in protection against infection and immunopathogenesis. Therefore, a chapter on mucosal immunity is included. The second section discusses the principles of immunotherapy on a molecular level. There are discussions of monoclonal antibodies, types of vaccines, methods of antigen presentation, cytokines, and cytokine antagonists. The third section reviews the current state of anti-HIV immunotherapy. The current knowledge of HIV immunopathogenesis is reviewed, as is the degree of immune reconstitution that occurs as a result of anti-HIV chemotherapy. Chapters dealing with HIV-specific passive and active immunization strategies, gene therapy, and host celltargeted approaches for treating HIV infection and restoring immune function are presented. The fourth section reviews immunotherapy for additional infections and virus-associated malignancies. v Preface
vi Preface I am grateful to all of our experts who contributed chapters to the book. They represent some of the finest minds working in this area, and did superb jobs in reviewing the latest information in their areas of expertise. I am deeply appreciative of Dr. Vassil St. Georgiev, the series editor, for inviting me to edit this book, and Thomas Lanigan, Sr., Elyse O’Grady, Craig Adams and Diana Mezzina, at Humana Press for their support in compiling it. Thanks also to the secretaries and copy editors who diligently worked to put together the elements of the book. Finally, I wish to thank the readers, who I hope will use the knowledge gained from this book to advance our ability to treat infectious diseases. Jeffrey M. Jacobson, MD
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Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseas
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In f e c t i o u s . D i s e a s e
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© 2002 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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viii Contents 11 Passive Immunother
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x Contributors BARBARA G. MATTHEWS,
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From: Immunotherapy for Infectious
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Humoral Immunity 5 Fig. 1. Humoral
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Humoral Immunity 7 Table 1 Properti
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Humoral Immunity 9 minal complement
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Humoral Immunity 11 ficity. In ligh
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Humoral Immunity 13 Fig. 7. VDJ joi
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Humoral Immunity 15 Fig. 9. Messeng
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Humoral Immunity 17 In contrast to
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Humoral Immunity 19 advantage to tr
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Humoral Immunity 21 32. Allman DM,
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Some Basic Cellular Immunology Prin
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Cellular Immunology Principles 25 i
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Cellular Immunology Principles 27 s
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Cellular Immunology Principles 29 d
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Cellular Immunology Principles 31 f
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Cellular Immunology Principles 33 F
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Cellular Immunology Principles 35 R
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Cellular Immunology Principles 37 1
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INTRODUCTION Immune Defense at Muco
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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II Molecular Basis for Immunotherap
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64 Kunert and Katinger IMMUNOGLOBUL
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66 Fig. 2. Monomeric, dimeric, and
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68 Kunert and Katinger Fig. 4. Humo
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70 Kunert and Katinger remove prote
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72 Kunert and Katinger Fig. 6. Diff
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74 Kunert and Katinger persons of a
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76 Kunert and Katinger that so-call
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78 Kunert and Katinger whereas sele
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80 Kunert and Katinger Different pr
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82 Kunert and Katinger HUMAN/MOUSE
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84 Kunert and Katinger are expresse
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86 Kunert and Katinger missing meta
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88 Kunert and Katinger Fig. 8. Sche
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90 Kunert and Katinger include a se
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92 Kunert and Katinger 32. Lee S, e
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94 Kunert and Katinger 72. Abbs IC,
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96 Kunert and Katinger 117. Wright
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From: Immunotherapy for Infectious
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Dendritic Cells 101 several organis
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Dendritic Cells 103 tion that infec
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Dendritic Cells 105 chaperones such
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Dendritic Cells 107 CD8� CTLs, th
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Dendritic Cells 109 complete tumor
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Dendritic Cells 111 19. Holland SM,
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Dendritic Cells 113 mouse pneumonit
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Dendritic Cells 115 dendritic cells
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INTRODUCTION Cytokines, Cytokine An
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Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, an
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Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, an
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Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, an
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Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, an
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Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, an
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Principles of Vaccine Development F
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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Principles of Vaccine Development 1
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INTRODUCTION Immunopathogenesis of
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Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
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Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
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Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
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Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
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Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
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164 Connick counts ranged from 73 t
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166 Connick retinitis in an individ
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168 Connick A novel method of ident
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170 Connick occurs quite early in i
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172 Connick 2. Delta Coordinating C
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174 Connick 39. Hurni MA, Bohlen L,
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176 Connick 76. Dolan M.J., Clerici
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178 Connick 114. Komanduri KV, Visw
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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200 Jacobson changes of gp120 alter
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202 Jacobson is reduced (54,55). A
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204 Jacobson Table 2 Potential Prot
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206 Jacobson from the SIV/17E-Cl-in
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208 Jacobson Several groups have de
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210 Jacobson HUMAN STUDIES Polyclon
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212 Jacobson clinical isolates, whi
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214 Jacobson 22. Beasley RP, Hwang
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216 Jacobson 59. Yoshiyama H, Mo H,
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218 Jacobson 95. Prince AM, Reesink
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220 Jacobson 133. Stiehm ER, Lamber
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222 Kilby and Bucy Although clinica
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224 Kilby and Bucy can infect human
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226 Kilby and Bucy the proinflammat
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228 Kilby and Bucy CD3/CD28, and th
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230 Kilby and Bucy of viral replica
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232 Kilby and Bucy 21. Cao Y, Qin L
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234 Kilby and Bucy 64. Pantaleo G,
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236 Kilby and Bucy 101. Clements-Ma
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238 Dornburg and Pomerantz cells (5
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240 Dornburg and Pomerantz Fig. 2.
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242 Dornburg and Pomerantz domains
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244 Dornburg and Pomerantz GENETIC
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246 Dornburg and Pomerantz Fig. 5.
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248 Dornburg and Pomerantz 6. Balti
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From: Immunotherapy for Infectious
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Viral Infections Other than HIV 253
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Viral Infections Other than HIV 255
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Viral Infections Other than HIV 257
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 261 c
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 263 o
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 265 I
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 267 R
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 269 T
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 271 1
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 273 5
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From: Immunotherapy for Infectious
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Bacterial Infections and Sepsis 277
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Bacterial Infections and Sepsis 279
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Bacterial Infections and Sepsis 281
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284 Wallis and Johnson replication
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286 Wallis and Johnson Several stud
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288 Wallis and Johnson monocytes, a
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290 Wallis and Johnson peripheral b
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292 Wallis and Johnson (A. Hise and
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294 Wallis and Johnson infections,
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296 Wallis and Johnson 37. Boom WH.
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298 Wallis and Johnson 77. Ellner J
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300 Wallis and Johnson 113. Raad I,
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302 Wallis and Johnson 154. Anonymo
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304 Table 1 Major Fungal Infections
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306 Casadevall species suggest that
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308 Casadevall transfusions from G-
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310 Casadevall Table 3 Augmentation
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312 Casadevall There has been some
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314 Casadevall effective in achievi
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316 Casadevall CONCLUSION AND FUTUR
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318 Casadevall 16. Boutati EI, Anai
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320 Casadevall 52. Gallin JI, Malec
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322 Casadevall 91. Kowanko IC, Ferr
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324 Index Blastomycosis, see Fungal
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326 Index C-type retrovirus vectors
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328 Index K Klebsiella, intravenous
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330 Index Vaccine Recombinant vecto
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Infectious Disease IMMUNOTHERAPY FO
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