Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases
Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases
Cellular Immunology Principles 37 159:1560-1565. 55. Cher DJ, Mosmann TR. Two types of murine helper cell clone. II. Delayed-type hypersensitivity is mediated by T H1 clones. J Immunol 1987; 138:3688–3694. 56. Fong TA, Mosmann TR. The role of IFN-gamma in delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated by Th1 clones. J Immunol 1989; 143:2887–2893. 57. DeKruyff RH, Ju ST, Hunt AJ, Mosmann TR, Umetsu DT. Induction of antigen-specific antibody responses in primed and unprimed B cells. Functional heterogeneity among Th1 and Th2 T-cell clones. J Immunol 1989; 142:2575–2582. 58. Croft M, Swain SL. B cell response to T helper cell subsets: II. Both the stage of T cell differentiation and the cytokines secreted determine the extent and nature of helper activity. J Immunol 1991; 147:3679–3689. 59. Fiorentino DF, Zlotnik A, Vieira P, et al. Il-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol 1991; 146:3444–3451. 60. Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Deans RJ, et al. Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science 1991; 254:277–279. 61. Henderson GS, Conray JT, Summar M, McCurley TL, Colley DG. In vivo molecular analysis of lymphokines involved in the murine immune response during Schistosoma mansoni infection. I. Il-4 mRNA, not IL-2 mRNA, is abundant in the granulomatous livers, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleens of infected mice. J Immunol 1991; 147:992–997. 62. Holaday BJ, Sadick MD, Wang Z-E, et al. Reconstitution of Leishmania immunity in severe combined immunodeficient mice using Th1- and Th2-like cell lines. J Immunol 1991; 147:1653–1658. 63. Salgame P, Abrams JS, Clayberger C, et al. Differing lymphokine profiles of functional subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T-cell clones. Science 1991; 254:279–282. 64. Salgame P, Convit J, Bloom BR. Immunological suppression by human CD8 � T cells is receptor dependent and HLA-DQ restricted. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:2598–2602. 65. Sadick MD, Locksley RM, Tubbs C, Raff HV. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: resistance correlates with the capacity to generate interferon-gamma in response to Leishmania antigens in vitro. J Immunol 1986; 136:655–661. 66. Heinzel FP, Sadick MD, Holaday BJ, Coffman RL, Locksley RM. Reciprocal expression of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis. Evidence for expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets. J Exp Med 1989; 169:59–72. 67. Locksley RM, Heinzel FP, Holaday BJ, Mutha SS, Reiner SL, Sadick MD. Induction of Th1 and Th2 CD4� subsets during murine Leishmania major infection. Res Immunol 1991; 142:28–32. 68. Coffman RL, Varkila K, Scott P, Chatelain R. Role of cytokines in the differentiation of CD4 � T-cell subsets in vivo. Immunol Rev 1991; 123:189–207. 69. Kelso A. Th1 and Th2 subsets: paradigms lost? Immunol Today 1995; 16:374–379. 70. Miller A, Lider O, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Weiner HL. Suppressor T cells generated by oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses by the release of transforming growth factor � after antigen-triggering. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992; 89:421–425. 71. Chen Y, Kuchroo VK, Inobe J, Hafler DA, Weiner HL. Regulatory T cell clones induced by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 1994; 265:1237–1240. 72. Groux H, O’Garra A, Bigler M, et al. A CD4� T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell responses and prevents colitis. Nature 1997; 389:737–742. 73. Modlin RL, Kato H, Mehra V, et al. Genetically restricted suppressor T-cell clones derived from lepromatous leprosy lesions. Nature 1986; 322:459–461. 74. Bloom BR, Mehra V, Melancon Kaplan J, et al. Mechanisms of immunological unrespon-
38 Bucy and Goepfert siveness in the spectra of leprosy and leishmaniasis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988; 239:263–278. 75. Guler ML, Gorham JD, Hsieh C-S, et al. Genetic susceptibility to Leishmania: IL-12 responsiveness in T H1 cell development. Science 1996; 271:984–990. 76. Clerici M, Shearer GM. A TH1 → TH2 switch is a critical step in the etiology of HIV infection. Immunol Today 1993; 14:107–111. 77. Douek DC, McFarland RD, Keiser PH, et al. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature 1998; 396:690–695. 78. Sprent J, Tough D. HIV results in the frame. CD4� cell turnover. Nature 1995; 375:194. 79. Mosier D. CD4� cell turnover. Nature 1995; 375:193–194. 80. Bucy RP, Hockett RD, Derdeyn CA, et al. Initial increase in blood CD4� lymphocytes after HIV antiretroviral therapy reflects redistribution from lymphoid tissues. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:1391–1398.
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Cellular Immunology Principles 37<br />
159:1560-1565.<br />
55. Cher DJ, Mosmann TR. Two types of murine helper cell clone. II. Delayed-type hypersensitivity<br />
is mediated by T H1 clones. J Immunol 1987; 138:3688–3694.<br />
56. Fong TA, Mosmann TR. The role of IFN-gamma in delayed-type hypersensitivity mediated<br />
by Th1 clones. J Immunol 1989; 143:2887–2893.<br />
57. DeKruyff RH, Ju ST, Hunt AJ, Mosmann TR, Umetsu DT. Induction of antigen-specific<br />
antibody responses in primed and unprimed B cells. Functional heterogeneity among Th1<br />
and Th2 T-cell clones. J Immunol 1989; 142:2575–2582.<br />
58. Croft M, Swain SL. B cell response to T helper cell subsets: II. Both the stage of T cell<br />
differentiation and the cytokines secreted determine the extent and nature of helper activity.<br />
J Immunol 1991; 147:3679–3689.<br />
59. Fiorentino DF, Zlotnik A, Vieira P, et al. Il-10 acts on the antigen-presenting cell to inhibit<br />
cytokine production by Th1 cells. J Immunol 1991; 146:3444–3451.<br />
60. Yamamura M, Uyemura K, Deans RJ, et al. Defining protective responses to pathogens:<br />
cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions. Science 1991; 254:277–279.<br />
61. Henderson GS, Conray JT, Summar M, McCurley TL, Colley DG. In vivo molecular analysis<br />
of lymphokines involved in the murine immune response during Schistosoma mansoni<br />
infection. I. Il-4 mRNA, not IL-2 mRNA, is abundant in the granulomatous livers, mesenteric<br />
lymph nodes, and spleens of infected mice. J Immunol 1991; 147:992–997.<br />
62. Holaday BJ, Sadick MD, Wang Z-E, et al. Reconstitution of Leishmania immunity in<br />
severe combined immunodeficient mice using Th1- and Th2-like cell lines. J Immunol<br />
1991; 147:1653–1658.<br />
63. Salgame P, Abrams JS, Clayberger C, et al. Differing lymphokine profiles of functional<br />
subsets of human CD4 and CD8 T-cell clones. Science 1991; 254:279–282.<br />
64. Salgame P, Convit J, Bloom BR. Immunological suppression by human CD8 � T cells is<br />
receptor dependent and HLA-DQ restricted. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:2598–2602.<br />
65. Sadick MD, Locksley RM, Tubbs C, Raff HV. Murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: resistance<br />
correlates with the capacity to generate interferon-gamma in response to Leishmania antigens<br />
in vitro. J Immunol 1986; 136:655–661.<br />
66. Heinzel FP, Sadick MD, Holaday BJ, Coffman RL, Locksley RM. Reciprocal expression<br />
of interferon gamma or interleukin 4 during the resolution or progression of murine leishmaniasis.<br />
Evidence <strong>for</strong> expansion of distinct helper T cell subsets. J Exp Med 1989;<br />
169:59–72.<br />
67. Locksley RM, Heinzel FP, Holaday BJ, Mutha SS, Reiner SL, Sadick MD. Induction of<br />
Th1 and Th2 CD4� subsets during murine Leishmania major infection. Res Immunol<br />
1991; 142:28–32.<br />
68. Coffman RL, Varkila K, Scott P, Chatelain R. Role of cytokines in the differentiation of<br />
CD4 � T-cell subsets in vivo. Immunol Rev 1991; 123:189–207.<br />
69. Kelso A. Th1 and Th2 subsets: paradigms lost? Immunol Today 1995; 16:374–379.<br />
70. Miller A, Lider O, Roberts AB, Sporn MB, Weiner HL. Suppressor T cells generated by<br />
oral tolerization to myelin basic protein suppress both in vitro and in vivo immune responses<br />
by the release of trans<strong>for</strong>ming growth factor � after antigen-triggering. Proc Natl Acad Sci<br />
USA 1992; 89:421–425.<br />
71. Chen Y, Kuchroo VK, Inobe J, Hafler DA, Weiner HL. Regulatory T cell clones induced<br />
by oral tolerance: suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Science 1994;<br />
265:1237–1240.<br />
72. Groux H, O’Garra A, Bigler M, et al. A CD4� T-cell subset inhibits antigen-specific T-cell<br />
responses and prevents colitis. Nature 1997; 389:737–742.<br />
73. Modlin RL, Kato H, Mehra V, et al. Genetically restricted suppressor T-cell clones derived<br />
from lepromatous leprosy lesions. Nature 1986; 322:459–461.<br />
74. Bloom BR, Mehra V, Melancon Kaplan J, et al. Mechanisms of immunological unrespon-