Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases
Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases
Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Infections 297 57. Stenger S, Mazzaccaro RJ, Uyemura K, et al. Differential effects of cytolytic T cell subsets on intracellular infection. Science 1997; 276:1684–1687. 58. Nash DR, Douglass JE. Anergy in active pulmonary tuberculosis. A comparison between positive and negative reactors and an evaluation of 5 TU and 250 TU skin test doses. Chest 1980; 77:32–37. 59. Daniel TM, Oxtoby MJ, Pinto E, Moreno E. The immune spectrum in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123:556–559. 60. Onwubalili JK, Scott GM, Robinson JA. Deficient immune interferon production in tuberculosis. Clin Exp Immunol 1985; 59:405–413. 61. Toossi Z, Kleinhenz ME, Ellner JJ. Defective interleukin 2 production and responsiveness in human pulmonary tuberculosis. J Exp Med 1986; 163:1162–1172. 62. Toossi Z, Sedor JR, Lapurga JP, Ondash RJ, Ellner JJ. Expression of functional interleukin 2 receptors by peripheral blood monocytes from patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis. J Clin Invest 1990; 85:1777–1784. 63. Tweardy DJ, Schacter BZ, Ellner JJ. Association of altered dynamics of monocyte surface expression of human leukocyte antigen DR with immunosuppression in tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1984; 149:31–37. 64. Ellner JJ. Regulation of the human cellular immune response to M. tuberculosis. The mechanism of selective depression of the response to PPD. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1991; 66:129–132. 65. Toossi Z, Ellner JJ. The role of TGF beta in the pathogenesis of human tuberculosis. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1998; 87:107–114. 66. Bermudez LE, Champsi J. Infection with M. avium induces production of interleukin-10 (IL-10), and administration of anti-IL-10 antibody is associated with enhanced resistance to infection in mice. Infect Immun 1993; 61:3093–3097. 67. Shiratsuchi H, Johnson JL, Ellner JJ. Bidirectional effects of cytokines on the growth of M. avium within human monocytes. J Immunol 1991; 146:3165–3170. 68. Rastogi N, Bachelet M, Carvalho de Sousa JP. Intracellular growth of M. avium in human macrophages is linked to the increased synthesis of prostaglandin E2 and inhibition of the phagosome-lysosome fusions. FEMS Microbiol Immunol 1992; 4:273–279. 69. Kleinhenz ME, Ellner JJ, Spagnuolo PJ, Daniel TM. Suppression of lymphocyte responses by tuberculous plasma and mycobacterial arabinogalactan. Monocyte dependence and indomethacin reversibility. J Clin Invest 1981; 68:153–162. 70. Dahl KE, Shiratsuchi H, Hamilton BD, Ellner JJ, Toossi Z. Selective induction of TGF� in human monocytes by LAM of M. tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:399–405. 71. Sibley LD, Adams LB, Krahenbuhl JL. Inhibition of interferon-gamma-mediated activation in mouse macrophages treated with lipoarabinomannan. Clin Exp Immunol 1990; 80:141–148. 72. Sibley LD, Hunter SW, Brennan PJ, Krahenbuhl JL. Mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan inhibits gamma interferon-mediated activation of macrophages. Infect Immun 1988; 56:1232–1236. 73. Chan J, Fan XD, Hunter SW, Brennan PJ, Bloom BR. Lipoarabinomannan, a possible virulence factor involved in persistence of M. tuberculosis within macrophages. Infect Immun 1991; 59:1755–1761. 74. Chujor CS, Kuhn B, Schwerer B, Bernheimer H, Levis WR, Bevec D. Specific inhibition of mRNA accumulation for lymphokines in human T cell line Jurkat by mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan antigen. Clin Exp Immunol 1992; 87:398–403. 75. Schwander SK, Torres M, Sada E, et al. Enhanced responses to M. tuberculosis antigens by human alveolar lymphocytes during active pulmonary tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1998; 178:1434–1445. 76. Barnes PF, Mistry SD, Cooper CL, Pirmez C, Rea TH, Modlin RL. Compartmentalization of a CD4� T lymphocyte subpopulation in tuberculous pleuritis. J Immunol 1989; 142:1114–1119.
298 Wallis and Johnson 77. Ellner JJ. Pleural fluid and peripheral blood lymphocyte function in tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1978; 89:932–933. 78. Rossi GA, Balbi B, Manca F. Tuberculous pleural effusions. Evidence for selective presence of PPD-specific T-lymphocytes at site of inflammation in the early phase of the infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:575–579. 79. Vanham G, Toossi Z, Hirsch CS, et al. Examining a paradox in the pathogenesis of human pulmonary tuberculosis: immune activation and suppression/anergy. Tuber Lung Dis 1997; 78:145–158. 80. Ellner JJ. Tuberculosis in the time of AIDS. The facts and the message. Chest 1990; 98:1051–1052. 81. Small PM, Schecter GF, Goodman PC, Sande MA, Chaisson RE, Hopewell PC. Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991; 324:289–294. 82. Wallis RS, Vjecha M, Amir Tahmasseb M, et al. Influence of tuberculosis on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1): enhanced cytokine expression and elevated beta 2-microglobulin in HIV-1-associated tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:43–48. 83. Folks TM, Justement J, Kinter A, et al. Characterization of a promonocyte clone chronically infected with HIV and inducible by 13-phorbol-12-myristate acetate. J Immunol 1988; 140:1117–1122. 84. Chun TW, Engel D, Mizell SB, Ehler LA, Fauci AS. Induction of HIV-1 replication in latently infected CD4� T cells using a combination of cytokines [published erratum appears in J Exp Med 1998 188:following 614]. J Exp Med 1998; 188:83–91. 85. Griffin GE, Leung K, Folks TM, Kunkel S, Nabel GJ. Induction of NF-kappa B during monocyte differentiation is associated with activation of HIV-gene expression. Res Virol 1991; 142:233–238. 86. Potts BJ, Maury W, Martin MA. Replication of HIV-1 in primary monocyte cultures. Virology 1990; 175:465–476. 87. Latham PS, Lewis AM, Varesio L, et al. Expression of human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat in the human promonocyte cell line U937: effect of endotoxin and cytokines. Cell Immunol 1990; 129:513–518. 88. Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson RW, Collins F, Kinter A, Fauci AS. The in vitro induction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in purified protein derivativepositive HIV-infected persons by recall antigen response to M. tuberculosis is the result of a balance of the effects of endogenous interleukin-2 and proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:1332–1338. 89. Kinter AL, Ostrowski M, Goletti D, et al. HIV replication in CD4� T cells of HIVinfected individuals is regulated by a balance between the viral suppressive effects of endogenous beta-chemokines and the viral inductive effects of other endogenous cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:14076–14081. 90. Zhang Y, Doerfler M, Lee TC, Guillemin B, Rom WN. Mechanisms of stimulation of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by M. tuberculosis components. J Clin Invest 1993; 91:2076–2083. 91. Zhang Y, Nakata K, Weiden M, Rom WN. M. tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication by transcriptional activation at the long terminal repeat. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2324–2331. 92. Lederman MM, Georges DL, Kusner DJ, Mudido P, Giam CZ, Toossi Z. M. tuberculosis and its purified protein derivative activate expression of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1994; 7:727–733. 93. Mudido P, Georges D, Jacobs G, Toossi Z, Ellner JJ, Lederman MM. Mycobacteria and their products activate HIV expression. Int Conf AIDS. 1993; 9:325 (Abstract). 94. Nakata K, Rom WN, Honda Y, et al. M. tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency virus-1 replication in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:996–1003.
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- Page 307: 296 Wallis and Johnson 37. Boom WH.
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- Page 313 and 314: 302 Wallis and Johnson 154. Anonymo
- Page 315 and 316: 304 Table 1 Major Fungal Infections
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- Page 335 and 336: 324 Index Blastomycosis, see Fungal
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298 Wallis and Johnson<br />
77. Ellner JJ. Pleural fluid and peripheral blood lymphocyte function in tuberculosis. Ann<br />
Intern Med 1978; 89:932–933.<br />
78. Rossi GA, Balbi B, Manca F. Tuberculous pleural effusions. Evidence <strong>for</strong> selective presence<br />
of PPD-specific T-lymphocytes at site of inflammation in the early phase of the infection.<br />
Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136:575–579.<br />
79. Vanham G, Toossi Z, Hirsch CS, et al. Examining a paradox in the pathogenesis of human<br />
pulmonary tuberculosis: immune activation and suppression/anergy. Tuber Lung Dis<br />
1997; 78:145–158.<br />
80. Ellner JJ. Tuberculosis in the time of AIDS. The facts and the message. Chest 1990;<br />
98:1051–1052.<br />
81. Small PM, Schecter GF, Goodman PC, Sande MA, Chaisson RE, Hopewell PC. Treatment<br />
of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N<br />
Engl J Med 1991; 324:289–294.<br />
82. Wallis RS, Vjecha M, Amir Tahmasseb M, et al. Influence of tuberculosis on human<br />
immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1): enhanced cytokine expression and elevated beta<br />
2-microglobulin in HIV-1-associated tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1993; 167:43–48.<br />
83. Folks TM, Justement J, Kinter A, et al. Characterization of a promonocyte clone chronically<br />
infected with HIV and inducible by 13-phorbol-12-myristate acetate. J Immunol<br />
1988; 140:1117–1122.<br />
84. Chun TW, Engel D, Mizell SB, Ehler LA, Fauci AS. Induction of HIV-1 replication in<br />
latently infected CD4� T cells using a combination of cytokines [published erratum<br />
appears in J Exp Med 1998 188:following 614]. J Exp Med 1998; 188:83–91.<br />
85. Griffin GE, Leung K, Folks TM, Kunkel S, Nabel GJ. Induction of NF-kappa B during<br />
monocyte differentiation is associated with activation of HIV-gene expression. Res Virol<br />
1991; 142:233–238.<br />
86. Potts BJ, Maury W, Martin MA. Replication of HIV-1 in primary monocyte cultures.<br />
Virology 1990; 175:465–476.<br />
87. Latham PS, Lewis AM, Varesio L, et al. Expression of human immunodeficiency virus<br />
long terminal repeat in the human promonocyte cell line U937: effect of endotoxin and<br />
cytokines. Cell Immunol 1990; 129:513–518.<br />
88. Goletti D, Weissman D, Jackson RW, Collins F, Kinter A, Fauci AS. The in vitro induction<br />
of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in purified protein derivativepositive<br />
HIV-infected persons by recall antigen response to M. tuberculosis is the result<br />
of a balance of the effects of endogenous interleukin-2 and proinflammatory and antiinflammatory<br />
cytokines. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:1332–1338.<br />
89. Kinter AL, Ostrowski M, Goletti D, et al. HIV replication in CD4� T cells of HIVinfected<br />
individuals is regulated by a balance between the viral suppressive effects of<br />
endogenous beta-chemokines and the viral inductive effects of other endogenous cytokines.<br />
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:14076–14081.<br />
90. Zhang Y, Doerfler M, Lee TC, Guillemin B, Rom WN. Mechanisms of stimulation of<br />
interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by M. tuberculosis components. J Clin<br />
Invest 1993; 91:2076–2083.<br />
91. Zhang Y, Nakata K, Weiden M, Rom WN. M. tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency<br />
virus-1 replication by transcriptional activation at the long terminal repeat. J Clin<br />
Invest 1995; 95:2324–2331.<br />
92. Lederman MM, Georges DL, Kusner DJ, Mudido P, Giam CZ, Toossi Z. M. tuberculosis<br />
and its purified protein derivative activate expression of the human immunodeficiency<br />
virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1994; 7:727–733.<br />
93. Mudido P, Georges D, Jacobs G, Toossi Z, Ellner JJ, Lederman MM. Mycobacteria and<br />
their products activate HIV expression. Int Conf AIDS. 1993; 9:325 (Abstract).<br />
94. Nakata K, Rom WN, Honda Y, et al. M. tuberculosis enhances human immunodeficiency<br />
virus-1 replication in the lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155:996–1003.