Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases

14 Nara
Fig. 8. Macrophages with class II MHC take up antigen and break it into pieces; the pieces
of the MHC are displayed on the surface.
Table 3
Cytokines in Immunity
Cytokine Source Action and target
IL-1 Macrophages Growth of activated T- and B-cells
IL-2 Activated T-cells Growth of activated T-, B-, and NK cells
IL-3 Activated T-cells Growth and differentiation of hematopoietic
precursors
IL-4 Activated T-cells Growth of activated B- and T-cells
IL-5 Activated T-cells Growth of activated B-cells
IL-6 Activated T-cells and
macrophages
Growth and maturation of activated B- and T-cells
IL-10 Activated T-cells Inhibits IFN-� secretion
IFN-� Activated T-cells Activates macrophages and increases their
expression of MHC I and II
TNF Macrophages, activated Helps activate cytolytic T-cells; cytotoxic to tumor;
T- and NK cells activates phagocytic cells
Abbreviations: IL, interleukin; IFN, interferon; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NK, natural killer.
1. Type 1 (Th1) cells produce interferon (IFN)-�, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-� and -�, and
IL-2 (but not IL-4, IL-5, or IL-10) and regulate classical delayed (type IV) hypersensitivity
reactions centered around macrophage activation and T-cell-mediated immunity.
2. Type 2 (Th2) cells elaborate IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 and participate in immediate (type
1) hypersensitivity reactions and B-cell antibody-mediated immunity (11).
Proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF (� and �) and IL-1, which are produced
by activated macrophages, mediate local and systemic effects, including the induction
of the acute-phase reactions of inflammation.
Chemokines (chemotactic cytokines) belong to a family of low-molecular-weight
proteins (with complex names/eponyms) that are secreted by monocytes (e.g., monocyte
chemotactic protein [MCP]), macrophages (e.g., macrophage inflammatory protein
[MIP]), and T-cells (e.g., regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and
secreted [RANTES]) that influence leukocyte motion and that attract leukocytes to