Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases
Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases
Active Immunization for HIV Infection 193 48. Harrer T, Harrer E, Kalams SA, et al. Strong cytotoxic T cell and weak neutralizing antibody responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV type 1 infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:585. 49. Carmichael A, Jin X, Sissons P, Borysiewicz L. Quantitative analysis of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response at different stages of HIV-1 infection: differential CTL responses to HIV-1 and Epstein- Barr virus in late disease. J Exp Med 1993; 177:249. 50. Klein MR, van Baalen CA, Holwerda AM, et al. Kinetics of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses during the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: a longitudinal analysis of rapid progressors and long-term asymptomatics. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1365. 51. Rinaldo C, Huang XL, Fan ZF, et al. High levels of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and low viral load are associated with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors. J Virol 1995; 69:5838. 52. Miedema F, Meyaard L, Koot M, et al. Changing virus-host interactions in the course of HIV-1 infection [Review] [198 refs]. Immunol Rev 1994; 140:35. 53. Moskophidis D, Lechner F, Pircher H, Zinkernagel RM. Virus persistence in acutely infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells [published erratum appears in Nature 1993;364:262]. Nature 1993; 362:758. 54. Pantaleo G, Soudeyns H, Demarest JF, et al. Evidence for rapid disappearance of initially expanded HIV-specific CD8� T cell clones during primary HIV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:9848. 55. Brander C, Goulder PJ, Luzuriaga K, et al. Persistent HIV-1-specific CTL clonal expansion despite high viral burden post in utero HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 1999; 162:4796. 56. Islam SA, Hay CM, Hartman KE, et al. Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones in a subject with rapid disease progression. J Virol 2001; 75:4907. 57. Abbas AK. Die and let live: eliminating dangerous lymphocytes. Cell 1996; 84:655. 58. Hay CM, Ruhl DJ, Basgoz NO, et al. Lack of viral escape and defective in vivo activation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rapidly progressive infection. J Virol 1999; 73:5509. 59. Borrow P, Lewicki H, Wei X, et al. Antiviral pressure exerted by HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) during primary infection demonstrated by rapid selection of CTL escape virus. Nat Med 1997; 3:205. 60. Koenig S, Conley AJ, Brewah YA, et al. Transfer of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes to an AIDS patient leads to selection for mutant HIV variants and subsequent disease progression. Nat Med 1995; 1:330. 61. Goulder PJ, Phillips RE, Colbert RA, et al. Late escape from an immunodominant cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response associated with progression to AIDS. Nat Med 1997; 3:212. 62. Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Dynan MJ, et al. T cell receptor usage and fine specificity of human immunodeficiency virus 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones: analysis of quasispecies recognition reveals a dominant response directed against a minor in vivo variant. J Exp Med 1996; 183:1669. 63. Cao H, Kanki P, Sankale JL, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cross-reactivity among different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades: implications for vaccine development. J Virol 1997; 71:8615. 64. Brander C, Yang OO, Jones NG, et al. Efficient processing of the immunodominant, HLA-A*0201-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope despite multiple variations in the epitope flanking sequences. J Virol 1999; 73:10191. 65. Altfeld MA, Livingston B, Reshamwala N, et al. Identification of novel HLA-A2-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes predicted by the HLA-A2 supertype peptide-binding motif. J Virol 2001; 75:1301.
194 Kalams 66. Altfeld M, Rosenberg ES, Shankarappa R, et al. Cellular imune responses and viral diversity in individuals treated during acute and early HIV-1 infection. J Exp Med 2001; 193:169. 67. Pantaleo G, Graziosi C, Demarest JF, et al. Role of lymphoid organs in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection [Review]. Immunol Rev 1994; 40:105. 68. Race EM, Adelson-Mitty J, Kriegel GR, et al. Focal mycobacterial lymphadenitis following initiation of protease-inhibitor therapy in patients with advanced HIV-1 disease. Lancet 1998; 351:252. 69. Karavellas MP, Lowder CY, Macdonald C, Avila CP, Freeman WR. Immune recovery vitritis associated with inactive cytomegalovirus retinitis: a new syndrome. Arch Ophthalmol 1998; 116:169. 70. Karavellas MP, Plummer DJ, Macdonald JC, et al. Incidence of immune recovery vitritis in cytomegalovirus retinitis patients following institution of successful highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:697. 71. Reed JB, Schwab IR, Gordon J, Morse LS. Regression of cytomegalovirus retinitis associated with protease-inhibitor treatment in patients with AIDS. Am J Ophthalmol 1997; 124:199. 72. John M, Flexman J, French MA. Hepatitis C virus-associated hepatitis following treatment of HIV-infected patients with HIV protease inhibitors: an immune restoration disease? AIDS 1998; 12:2289. 73. Ho DD, Neumann AU, Perelson AS, Chen W, Leonard JM, Markowitz M. Rapid turnover of plasma virions and CD4 lymphocytes in HIV-1 infection. Nature 1995; 373:123. 74. Perelson AS, Neumann AU, Markowitz M, Leonard JM, Ho DD. HIV-1 dynamics in vivo: virion clearance rate, infected cell life-span, and viral generation time. Science 1996; 271:1582. 75. Perelson AS, Essunger P, Cao Y, et al. Decay characteristics of HIV-1-infected compartments during combination therapy. Nature 1997; 387:188. 76. Autran B, Carcelain G, Li TS, et al. Positive effects of combined antiretroviral therapy on CD4� T cell homeostasis and function in advanced HIV disease. Science 1997; 277:112. 77. Kelleher AD, Carr A, Zaunders J, Cooper DA. Alterations in the immune response of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected subjects treated with an HIV-specific protease inhibitor, ritonavir. J Infect Dis 1996; 173:321. 78. Angel JB, Kumar A, Parato K, et al. Improvement in cell-mediated immune function during potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus therapy with ritonavir plus saquinavir. J Infect Dis 1998; 177:898. 79. Li TS, Tubiana R, Katlama C, Calvez V, Ait Mohand H, Autran B. Long-lasting recovery in CD4 T-cell function and viral-load reduction after highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced HIV-1 disease. Lancet 1998; 351:1682. 80. Pitcher CJ, Quittner C, Peterson DM, et al. HIV-1-specific CD4� T cells are detectable in most individuals with active HIV-1 infection, but decline with prolonged viral suppression. Nat Med 1999; 5:518. 81. Ogg GS, Jin X, Bonhoeffer S, et al. Decay kinetics of human immunodeficiency virusspecific effector cytotoxic T lymphocytes after combination antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 1999; 73:797. 82. Markowitz M, Vesanen M, Tenner-Racz K, et al. The effect of commencing combination antiretroviral therapy soon after human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on viral replication and antiviral immune responses. J Infect Dis 1999; 179:527. 83. Kalams SA, Goulder PJ, Shea AK, et al. Levels of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte effector and memory responses decline after suppression of viremia with highly active antiretroviral therapy. J Virol 1999; 73:6721. 84. Connors M, Kovacs JA, Krevat S, et al. HIV infection induces changes in CD4� T-cell phenotype and depletions within the CD4� T-cell repertoire that are not immediately restored by antiviral or immune-based therapies. Nat Med 1997; 3:533.
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Active Immunization <strong>for</strong> HIV Infection 193<br />
48. Harrer T, Harrer E, Kalams SA, et al. Strong cytotoxic T cell and weak neutralizing antibody<br />
responses in a subset of persons with stable nonprogressing HIV type 1 infection.<br />
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12:585.<br />
49. Carmichael A, Jin X, Sissons P, Borysiewicz L. Quantitative analysis of the human<br />
immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response<br />
at different stages of HIV-1 infection: differential CTL responses to HIV-1 and Epstein-<br />
Barr virus in late disease. J Exp Med 1993; 177:249.<br />
50. Klein MR, van Baalen CA, Holwerda AM, et al. Kinetics of Gag-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte<br />
responses during the clinical course of HIV-1 infection: a longitudinal analysis of<br />
rapid progressors and long-term asymptomatics. J Exp Med 1995; 181:1365.<br />
51. Rinaldo C, Huang XL, Fan ZF, et al. High levels of anti-human immunodeficiency virus<br />
type 1 (HIV-1) memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte activity and low viral load are associated<br />
with lack of disease in HIV-1-infected long-term nonprogressors. J Virol 1995; 69:5838.<br />
52. Miedema F, Meyaard L, Koot M, et al. Changing virus-host interactions in the course of<br />
HIV-1 infection [Review] [198 refs]. Immunol Rev 1994; 140:35.<br />
53. Moskophidis D, Lechner F, Pircher H, Zinkernagel RM. Virus persistence in acutely<br />
infected immunocompetent mice by exhaustion of antiviral cytotoxic effector T cells [published<br />
erratum appears in Nature 1993;364:262]. Nature 1993; 362:758.<br />
54. Pantaleo G, Soudeyns H, Demarest JF, et al. Evidence <strong>for</strong> rapid disappearance of initially<br />
expanded HIV-specific CD8� T cell clones during primary HIV infection. Proc Natl Acad<br />
Sci USA 1997; 94:9848.<br />
55. Brander C, Goulder PJ, Luzuriaga K, et al. Persistent HIV-1-specific CTL clonal expansion<br />
despite high viral burden post in utero HIV-1 infection. J Immunol 1999; 162:4796.<br />
56. Islam SA, Hay CM, Hartman KE, et al. Persistence of human immunodeficiency virus<br />
type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clones in a subject with rapid disease progression.<br />
J Virol 2001; 75:4907.<br />
57. Abbas AK. Die and let live: eliminating dangerous lymphocytes. Cell 1996; 84:655.<br />
58. Hay CM, Ruhl DJ, Basgoz NO, et al. Lack of viral escape and defective in vivo activation<br />
of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rapidly<br />
progressive infection. J Virol 1999; 73:5509.<br />
59. Borrow P, Lewicki H, Wei X, et al. Antiviral pressure exerted by HIV-1-specific cytotoxic<br />
T lymphocytes (CTLs) during primary infection demonstrated by rapid selection of CTL<br />
escape virus. Nat Med 1997; 3:205.<br />
60. Koenig S, Conley AJ, Brewah YA, et al. Transfer of HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes<br />
to an AIDS patient leads to selection <strong>for</strong> mutant HIV variants and subsequent disease<br />
progression. Nat Med 1995; 1:330.<br />
61. Goulder PJ, Phillips RE, Colbert RA, et al. Late escape from an immunodominant cytotoxic<br />
T-lymphocyte response associated with progression to AIDS. Nat Med 1997; 3:212.<br />
62. Kalams SA, Johnson RP, Dynan MJ, et al. T cell receptor usage and fine specificity of<br />
human immunodeficiency virus 1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte clones: analysis of quasispecies<br />
recognition reveals a dominant response directed against a minor in vivo variant.<br />
J Exp Med 1996; 183:1669.<br />
63. Cao H, Kanki P, Sankale JL, et al. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte cross-reactivity among different<br />
human immunodeficiency virus type 1 clades: implications <strong>for</strong> vaccine development.<br />
J Virol 1997; 71:8615.<br />
64. Brander C, Yang OO, Jones NG, et al. Efficient processing of the immunodominant,<br />
HLA-A*0201-restricted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte<br />
epitope despite multiple variations in the epitope flanking sequences. J Virol 1999;<br />
73:10191.<br />
65. Altfeld MA, Livingston B, Reshamwala N, et al. Identification of novel HLA-A2-restricted<br />
human immunodeficiency virus type 1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitopes predicted<br />
by the HLA-A2 supertype peptide-binding motif. J Virol 2001; 75:1301.