Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases

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Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, and Growth Factors 127 diseases a response by Th1 and Th2 cells at different time points is needed to control or eradicate the infection. In addition, unlike in the mouse, some cytokines are synthesized by both T-cell subsets in humans. This coproduction for some cytokines and the redundancy in the activity of the cytokine network suggest that the immune response to different pathogens represents a weighted response involving both T-cell subsets rather than one limited solely to either Th1 or Th2. Therefore, it is important to recognize that the therapeutic effect of an immunotherapy intended to manipulate the effect of one cytokine will result not only from the modulation of that cytokine but also the effect that that modulation has on other cytokines in the network. REFERENCES 1. Aggarwal BB, Puri RK (eds). Human Cytokines: Their Role in Disease and Therapy. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Science, 1995. 2. Kunkel SL, Remick DG (eds). Cytokines in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1992. 3. Oppenheim JJ, Rossio JL, Gearing, AJ (eds). Clinical Applications of Cytokines. Role in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 4. Roilides E, Pizzo PA. Modulation of host defenses by cytokines: evolving adjuncts in prevention and treatment of serious infections in immunocompromised hosts. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15:508–524. 5. King CL, Gallin JI, Malech HL. Regulation of immunoglobulin production in hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-infection syndrome by interferon-gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986; 86:10085–10089. 6. DiCosmo BF, Gebo GP, Picarella D. Airway epithelial cell expression of interleukin-6 in transgenic mice: uncoupling airway inflammation and bronchial hyperreactivity. J Clin Invest 1994; 94:2028–2034. 7. Upton C, Mossman K, McFadden G. Encoding of a homolog of the IFN-gamma receptor by myxoma virus. Science 1992; 258:1369–1372. 8. Smith CA, Davis T, Anderson D, et al. A receptor for tumor necrosis factor defines an unusual family of cellular and viral proteins. Science 1990; 248:1019–1023. 9. Miyajima A, Kitamura T, Haraa N. Cytokine receptors and signal transduction. Annu Rev Immunol 1992; 10:295–331. 10. Bazan JF. Structural design and molecular evolution of a cytokine receptor superfamily. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87:6934–6938. 11. Castro JE, et al. Fas modulation of apoptosis during negative selection of thymocytes. Immunity 1996; 5:617–627. 12. Noelle RJ. CD40 and its ligand in host defense. Immunity 1996; 4:415–419. 13. Dinarello CA, Wolff SM. The role of interleukin-1 in disease. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:106–113. 14. Dinarello CA. Interleukin-18. Methods 1999; 19:121–132. 15. Darnell JE Jr, Kerr IM, Stark GR. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 1994; 264:1415–1421. 16. Fishman S, Hobbs K, Borish L. (1996) Molecular biology of cytokines in allergic diseases and asthma. Immun Allergy Clin North Am 1996; 16:613–642. 17. Walz DA, et al. Primary structure of human platelet factor 4. Thromb Res 1997; 11:893–898. 18. Yoshimura T, et al. Purification of a human monocyte-derived neutrophil chemotactic factor that has peptide sequence similarity to other host defense cytokines. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987; 84:9233–9237. 19. Taub DD. Chemokine-leukocyte interactions—the voodoo that they do so well. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1996; 7:355–376.
128 Matthews 20. Taub DD, Oppenheim JJ. Chemokines, inflammation and the immune system. Ther Immunol 1994; 1:229–246. 21. Murphy PM. Chemokine receptors: structure, function and role in microbial pathogenesis. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 1996; 7:47–64. 22. Miller LH, et al. The resistant factor to Plasmodium vivax in blacks. The Duffy-bloodgroup genotype, FyFy. N Engl J Med 1976; 295:302–304. 23. Gao JL, Murphy PM. Human cytomegalovirus open reading frame US28 encodes a functional beta chemokine receptor. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:28539–28542. 24. Price DA, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes, chemokines and anitviral immunity. Immunol Today 1999; 20:212–216 25. Baggiolini M, Walz A, Kunkels SL. Neutrophil activating peptide 1/interleukin 8, a novel cytokine that activates neutrophils. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:1045–1049. 26. Romagnani S. Biology of human Th1 and Th2 cells. J Clin Immunol 1995; 15:121–129. 27. Mosmann TR, Sad S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 1996; 17:138–146. 28. O’Garra A. Cytokines induce the development of functionally heterogeneous T helper cell subsets. Immunity 1998; 8:275–283. 29. Brunda MJ. Interleukin-12. Leuk Biol 1994; 55:280–288. 30. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immun 1995; 13:251–276. 31. Romani L, Puccetti P, Bistoni F. Interleukin-12 in infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:611–636. 32. Afonso LC, et al. The adjuvant effect of interleukin-12 in a vaccine against Leishmania major. Science 1994; 263:235–237. 33. Pasquini S, et al. Cytokines and costimulatory molecules as genetic adjuvants. Immunol Cell Biol 1997; 75:397–401. 34. Syrbe U, Siveke J, Hamann A. Th1/Th2 subsets: distinct differences in homing and chemokine receptor expression?, Springer Semin Immunopathol 1999; 21:263–285. 35. Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A, Mackay CR. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in T-cell priming and Th1/Th2-mediated responses. Immunol Today 1998; 19:568–574.
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Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseas
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In f e c t i o u s . D i s e a s e
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© 2002 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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vi Preface I am grateful to all of
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viii Contents 11 Passive Immunother
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x Contributors BARBARA G. MATTHEWS,
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From: Immunotherapy for Infectious
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Humoral Immunity 5 Fig. 1. Humoral
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Humoral Immunity 7 Table 1 Properti
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Humoral Immunity 9 minal complement
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Humoral Immunity 11 ficity. In ligh
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Humoral Immunity 13 Fig. 7. VDJ joi
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Humoral Immunity 15 Fig. 9. Messeng
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Humoral Immunity 17 In contrast to
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Humoral Immunity 19 advantage to tr
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Humoral Immunity 21 32. Allman DM,
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Some Basic Cellular Immunology Prin
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Cellular Immunology Principles 25 i
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Cellular Immunology Principles 27 s
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Cellular Immunology Principles 29 d
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Cellular Immunology Principles 31 f
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Cellular Immunology Principles 33 F
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Cellular Immunology Principles 35 R
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Cellular Immunology Principles 37 1
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INTRODUCTION Immune Defense at Muco
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Immune Defense at Mucosal Surfaces
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II Molecular Basis for Immunotherap
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64 Kunert and Katinger IMMUNOGLOBUL
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66 Fig. 2. Monomeric, dimeric, and
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68 Kunert and Katinger Fig. 4. Humo
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70 Kunert and Katinger remove prote
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72 Kunert and Katinger Fig. 6. Diff
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74 Kunert and Katinger persons of a
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Page 93 and 94: 82 Kunert and Katinger HUMAN/MOUSE
Page 95 and 96: 84 Kunert and Katinger are expresse
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Page 99 and 100: 88 Kunert and Katinger Fig. 8. Sche
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Page 103 and 104: 92 Kunert and Katinger 32. Lee S, e
Page 105 and 106: 94 Kunert and Katinger 72. Abbs IC,
Page 107 and 108: 96 Kunert and Katinger 117. Wright
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Page 112 and 113: Dendritic Cells 101 several organis
Page 114 and 115: Dendritic Cells 103 tion that infec
Page 116 and 117: Dendritic Cells 105 chaperones such
Page 118 and 119: Dendritic Cells 107 CD8� CTLs, th
Page 120 and 121: Dendritic Cells 109 complete tumor
Page 122 and 123: Dendritic Cells 111 19. Holland SM,
Page 124 and 125: Dendritic Cells 113 mouse pneumonit
Page 126 and 127: Dendritic Cells 115 dendritic cells
Page 128 and 129: INTRODUCTION Cytokines, Cytokine An
Page 130 and 131: Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, an
Page 140 and 141: Principles of Vaccine Development F
Page 142 and 143: Principles of Vaccine Development 1
Page 158: Principles of Vaccine Development 1
Page 162 and 163: INTRODUCTION Immunopathogenesis of
Page 164 and 165: Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
Page 172: Immunopathogenesis of HIV Disease 1
Page 175 and 176: 164 Connick counts ranged from 73 t
Page 177 and 178: 166 Connick retinitis in an individ
Page 179 and 180: 168 Connick A novel method of ident
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Page 183 and 184: 172 Connick 2. Delta Coordinating C
Page 185 and 186: 174 Connick 39. Hurni MA, Bohlen L,
Page 187 and 188: 176 Connick 76. Dolan M.J., Clerici
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178 Connick 114. Komanduri KV, Visw
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Active Immunization for HIV Infecti
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200 Jacobson changes of gp120 alter
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202 Jacobson is reduced (54,55). A
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204 Jacobson Table 2 Potential Prot
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206 Jacobson from the SIV/17E-Cl-in
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208 Jacobson Several groups have de
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210 Jacobson HUMAN STUDIES Polyclon
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212 Jacobson clinical isolates, whi
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214 Jacobson 22. Beasley RP, Hwang
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216 Jacobson 59. Yoshiyama H, Mo H,
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218 Jacobson 95. Prince AM, Reesink
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220 Jacobson 133. Stiehm ER, Lamber
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222 Kilby and Bucy Although clinica
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224 Kilby and Bucy can infect human
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226 Kilby and Bucy the proinflammat
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228 Kilby and Bucy CD3/CD28, and th
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230 Kilby and Bucy of viral replica
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232 Kilby and Bucy 21. Cao Y, Qin L
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234 Kilby and Bucy 64. Pantaleo G,
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236 Kilby and Bucy 101. Clements-Ma
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238 Dornburg and Pomerantz cells (5
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240 Dornburg and Pomerantz Fig. 2.
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242 Dornburg and Pomerantz domains
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244 Dornburg and Pomerantz GENETIC
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246 Dornburg and Pomerantz Fig. 5.
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248 Dornburg and Pomerantz 6. Balti
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Viral Infections Other than HIV 253
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 261 c
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 263 o
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 265 I
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 267 R
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 269 T
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 271 1
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Virus-Associated Malignancies 273 5
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Bacterial Infections and Sepsis 277
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284 Wallis and Johnson replication
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286 Wallis and Johnson Several stud
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288 Wallis and Johnson monocytes, a
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290 Wallis and Johnson peripheral b
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292 Wallis and Johnson (A. Hise and
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294 Wallis and Johnson infections,
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296 Wallis and Johnson 37. Boom WH.
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298 Wallis and Johnson 77. Ellner J
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300 Wallis and Johnson 113. Raad I,
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302 Wallis and Johnson 154. Anonymo
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304 Table 1 Major Fungal Infections
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306 Casadevall species suggest that
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308 Casadevall transfusions from G-
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310 Casadevall Table 3 Augmentation
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312 Casadevall There has been some
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314 Casadevall effective in achievi
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316 Casadevall CONCLUSION AND FUTUR
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318 Casadevall 16. Boutati EI, Anai
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320 Casadevall 52. Gallin JI, Malec
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322 Casadevall 91. Kowanko IC, Ferr
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324 Index Blastomycosis, see Fungal
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326 Index C-type retrovirus vectors
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328 Index K Klebsiella, intravenous
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330 Index Vaccine Recombinant vecto
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Infectious Disease IMMUNOTHERAPY FO
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