Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases

Cytokines, Cytokine Antagonists, and Growth Factors 121
Table 1
(continued)
Cytokine Source Activity
IL-15 Monocytes, muscle cells, Induces proliferation of T-cells and activated
endothelial cells B-cells
IL-16 Eosinophils, CD8� T-cells Chemoattracts CD4� cells
IL-17 CD4� T-cells Stimulates fibroblasts and endothelial cells
to release IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, PGE2; enhances ICAM-1 production
IL-18 Hepatocytes
activity
Induces IFN-� production; enhances NK
GM-CSF Fibroblasts, endothelial Stimulates proliferation of granulocyte and
cells, T-cells macrophage precursors; activates mature
phagocytes
G-CSF Macrophages, fibroblasts, Stimulates proliferation of neutrophil
endothelial cells precursors from stem cells
M-CSF Macrophages, fibroblasts, Stimulates proliferation of monocytes/
endothelial cells macrophage precursors; stimulates
monocytes
TNF-� Macrophages, lymphocytes, Increases PMN function; causes PMN
mast cells degranulation; increases production of
GM-CSF; induces acute-phase proteins,
cachexia, pyrexia
TNF-�
(lymphotoxin)
Lymphyocytes Similar to TNF-�
IFN-� Macrophages, lymphocytes, Increases expression of class I MHC;
fibroblasts stimulates Th1 cells and production of
IL-12; stimulates NK cells
IFN-� Fibroblasts, epithelial cells Similar to IFN-�
IFN-� T-cells, NK cells, Increases PMN and monocyte function;
fibroblasts increases MHC class I and II expression;
stimulates TH1 (e.g., IL-1, TNF-�)
TGF-� Lymphyocytes, platelets, Opposes production of inflammatory
activated macrophages cytokines (IL-1 and TNF-�); inhibits
T- and B-cell proliferation; mediates
extracellular matrix formation (associated
with liver and kidney damage)
IL-1ra T- and B-cells, macrophages Inhibits synthesis of LPS-stimulated
production of IL-1�, TNF. IL-6, and
GM-CSF and synthesis of IgE; blocks
effect of IL-1
Abbreviations: CSF, colony-stimulating factor; G, granulocyte; GM, granulocyte/macrophage;
ICAM, intercellular cell adhesion molecule; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; IL-1ra, IL receptor
antagonist; NK, natural killer; PGE 2,prostaglandin E 2; PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil;
TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; NAP-2, nucleosome
assembly protein-2; GRO, growth related oncogene-�; ENA, epithelial cell-derived neutrophil
activating peptite-78; GCP-2, granulocyte chemotactic protein-2.