Immunotherapy for Infectious Diseases

110 Kundu-Raychaudhuri and Engleman
One such approach using Flt3-ligand and immunostimulatory DNA sequences has recently
been described (133).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was supported in part by grants from the NIH (CA71725 and HL57443).
REFERENCES
1. Knight S, Stagg AJ. Antigen presenting cell types. Curr Opin Immunol 1993; 5:374–382.
2. Melchers F, Rolink A, Grawunder U, et al. Positive and negative selection events during
B lymphopoiesis. Curr Opin Immunol 1995; 7:214–227.
3. Ridge JP, Di Rosa F, Matzinger P. A conditioned dendritic cell can be a temporal bridge
between a CD4� T-helper and a T-killer cell. Nature 1998; 393:474–478.
4. Heufler C, Koch F, Stanzl U, et al. Interleukin-12 is produced by dendritic cells and mediates
T helper 1 development as well as interferon-gamma production by T helper 1 cells.
Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:659–668
5. Schall TJ, Bacon K, Toy KJ, Goeddel DV. Selective attraction of monocytes and T lymphocytes
of the memory phenotype by cytokine RANTES. Nature 1990; 347:669–671.
6. Raychaudhuri S, Jiang W, Farber E, Schall T. Role of fractalkine in cutaneous diseases. J
Invest Dermatol 1999; 112:597.
7. Hilkens CMU, Kalinski P, Boer M, Kapsenberg ML. Human dendritic cells require exogenous
interleukin-12-inducing factors to direct the development of naïve T-helper cells
toward the Th1 phenotype. Blood 1997; 90:1920.
8. Carson DA, Raz E. Oligonucleotide adjuvants for T helper 1 (Th1)-specific vaccination.
J Exp Med 1997; 186:1621–1622.
9. Jakob T, Walker PS, Krieg AM, Udey MC, Vogel JC. Activation of cutaneous dendritic
cells by CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides: a role for dendritic cells in the augmentation
of Th1 responses by immunostimulatory DNA. J Immunol 1998; 161:3042–3049.
10. Cella M, Salio M, Sakakibara Y, Langen H, Julkunen I, Lanzavecchia A. Maturation, activation,
and protection of dendritic cells induced by double-stranded RNA. J Exp Med
1999; 189:821–829.
11. Carrera L, Gazzinelli RT, Badolateo R, et al. Leishmania promastigotes selectively inhibit
interleukin 12 induction in bone marrow-derived macrophages from susceptible and resistant
mice. J Exp Med 183:515.
12. Reiner SL, Zheng S, Wang ZE, Stowring L, Locksley RM. Leishmania promastigotes
evade interleukin 12 (IL-12) induction by macrophages and stimulate a broad range of
cytokines from CD4� T cells. J Exp Med 1994; 179:447.
13. Bhardwaj N, Seder RA, Reddy A, Feldman MV. IL-12 in conjunction with dendritic cells
enhances antiviral CD8� CTL responses in vitro. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:715.
14. Seder RA, Grabstein KH, Berzofsky JA, McDyer JF. Cytokine interactions in human
immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals: roles of interleukin (IL)-2 IL-12 and IL-15.
J Exp Med 1995; 182:1067.
15. Clerici M, Lucey DR, Berzofsky JA, et al. Restoration of HIV-specific cell-mediated
immune responses by interleukin-12 in vitro. Science 1993; 262:1721.
16. Chehimi J, Starr SE, Frank I, et al. Impaired interleukin 12 production in human immunodeficiency
virus-infected patients. J Exp Med 1994; 179:1361.
17. Trinchieri G. Interleukin-12: a pro-inflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions
that bridge innate resistance and antigen specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev
Immunol 1995; 13:251.
18. Guler ML, Gorham JD, Hsieh CS, et al. Genetic susceptibility to Leishmania: IL-12
responsiveness in TH1 cell development. Science 1996; 271:984–987.