Serengeti General Management Plan

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Serengeti National Park General Management Plan 36 1.3.2-3 The Riverine Forest is ranked as being the most threatened from fire, with the potential that it could be eliminated throughout the Serengeti within the 10-year period of this GMP. There are two different types of broad-leaved Riverine Forest within SENAPA (Bayona and Sharam, 2001), under various degrees of threat as described below: � The first forest type grows along the tributaries of the Mara River. This forest is characterised by an open canopy of Euclea, Diospyros, Otea, and Croton species. This forest is rapidly being replaced by grassland, with a loss of 75-85 percent in the past 25 years. � The second forest type grows along the Orangi and lower Grumeti rivers. This forest is composed primarily of species derived from central Africa. Its canopy is composed largely of Lecaniodiscus, Eckebergia, Zziphus, and Ficus species. This forest appears to be relatively stable compared to the Mara Riverine Forests, having decreased in size by 25-35 per cent in the past 20 years. The threat from fire to the Acacia and Terminalia woodland is ranked according to the type of fire. The hot late-season fires pose the greatest threat and have the potential to seriously degrade the woodlands throughout the Serengeti. The “cool” fires are less severe a threat to the woodlands and are expected to only moderately degrade the woodlands on a localised basis. Kopje habitat is inherently fire resistant and therefore fire only poses a low threat. However, little is known whether fire is an important factor in their ecology. The ranking of the threat for the next 10 years identifies a moderate level of degradation (medium severity) of kopje habitat on a localised scale (low scope). This management target will address the threats to these four habitats, which in turn will address the fire threat to the natural habitat for the Black rhino Conservation Target. Threats to the Migration from early dry season fires, relate to the availability of dry season grassland forage, and are therefore dealt with separately. The management actions designed to address these threats and enhance the conservation status of the habitat Conservation Targets are as follows: Action 1.3.1: Prioritise critical habitats and areas for fire protection within the Riverine forest, Acacia woodland, Terminalia woodland and Kopje habitat SENAPA does not have the financial or personnel resources to actively protect against fire across all four habitats. Instead sensitive, representative and important areas within these habitats will be selected for concentrating efforts in fire management, as identified in the SENAPA Fire Management Plan. Action 1.3.2: Identify and preserve adequate areas of dry season forage for migrant species Within SENAPA there are critical areas of forage that need to be preserved to support the Migration. The critical dry season forage includes areas in the north of SENAPA, including Kogatende, Lamai, Nyamalumbwa, Bologonja, Tabora B and Ndasiata. The critical early dry season forage includes the western corridor and central SENAPA.
C. Ecosystem Management Programme Action 1.3.3: Implement fire management measures as per SENAPA Fire Management Plan In line with the GMP, the SENAPA Fire Management Plan (Technical Detail Plan) will set the objectives for fire management within the Serengeti, and will outline how these objectives will be achieved. Fire management methods will include; fire-breaks - set through early burning - and fire-beating. These methods will be implemented for specific areas through strategic fire burning regimes. The Fire Management Plan will include provisions for the enhancement of anti-poaching efforts around the Riverine Forests. This is in response to poaching camps that have been found in each of the five large remaining forest fragments. Poachers routinely burn the area surrounding these forest fragments and inside the fire breaks to lure animals into the forest. This will be addressed in collaboration with the Resource Protection Department (see Target 1.1 of the Park Operations Programme). Target 1.4: Restoration of viable populations of Black rhino The number of Black rhino has dropped to only 63 animals in the Greater Serengeti Ecosystem from a population of around one thousand in 1970; primarily as a result of poaching. There are currently two small populations of Black rhino in SENAPA. The Moru Rhino Area population is located in southern SENAPA near the headwaters of the Mbalageti River. This population has achieved growth rates of 13% (among the best in Africa) and currently comprises 14 rhino: four males (one adult, two subadults and one calf); nine females (four adults, three subadults and two calves); and one unsexed calf. The second population is the transboundary population, which move between SENAPA and the Masai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. Eight rhino have been individually identified in the Tanzania sector; four males (one adult and three subadult) and four females (three adult and one calf). The Black rhino population currently within the Serengeti is closely monitored and protected within the Moru Rhino Area; a grassland habitat. However, there are no Black rhino found in their natural Serengeti habitat, which are the Terminalia woodland, Riverine Forest and hilltop thickets. This management target seeks the restoration of viable Black rhino populations within SENAPA. Threats to Black rhino Threat Level Response Poaching Very high Action 1.4.1 - 2 Unviable population size Medium Action 1.4.1 & 4 Inbreeding Medium Action 1.4.1 & 4 Human disturbance Medium Action 1.4.1 & 3 Fire resulting in habitat loss Low See Target 1.3 As illustrated in the box above, the most severe threat to rhino continues to be from poaching, which could eliminate the existing rhino population from the Serengeti within the next 10years. The poaching of rhino has in turn led to a number of other threats such as unviable population size and inbreeding. The threat from human disturbance relates to uncontrolled access of tourists visiting the protected rhinos. This threat will be addressed in collaboration with the Tourism Department (See Target 1.1. of Tourism Programme). The loss of the natural woodland habitat for rhinos in the north of the Serengeti is a threat that is addressed by the previous management target regarding fire management. 37
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I. ANNEXES 161
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I. Annexes The United Republic of T
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