Serengeti General Management Plan

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Serengeti National Park General Management Plan Table B.3: The known threatened species of the Serengeti ecosystem Migratory birds The Serengeti is classified as an Important and Endemic Bird Area, with over 500 species of birds that are perennially or seasonally present in the Park. The seasonal migrants are present in the Serengeti between mid-October and around mid-March and include the Intra- African migrants, for example the Madagascar Bee-eater and Black Cuckoo Shrike (Campephaga flava) and the Palaearctic migrants, such as the Eurasian Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) and Eurasian Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus). Seasonality Rainfall varies both monthly and annually, with the most rain consistently occurring in April and the least in June and July. While this predictable seasonal variation in rainfall is maintained inter-annually, there is considerable and unpredictable variation in rainfall between ‘dry’ and ‘wet’ years. As mentioned above, seasonality in rainfall is thought to be one of the main factors driving the Migration. Permanent surface water There are a large number of springs, permanent surface water (mostly river-pools) and salt licks scattered throughout the Park upon which wildlife depend for their dry-season sustenance. Due to their scattered nature, they result in a wider distribution of herbivores (and their predators), but in localised concentrations around individual water-sources. Scenic Grassland savannah plains The extensive treeless short grassland plains that lie to the south-east of the Park are what the Serengeti is best known for, and from which the Park derives its name from the Maasai word ‘Siringet’, meaning endless plains. From about December until May each year, the plains are grazed by up to two million ungulates, which follow the moving rain-induced productivity around the plains. The plains are where the wildebeest in particular calve, providing mothers and their new-born calves with the nutrition and key micro-nutrients in sufficient quantity that they require. 14 Species IUCN Red list status Black Rhinoceros Diceros Bicornis Critically Endangered African Elephant Loxodonta Africana African Hunting dog Lyacon pictus Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus Imperial eagle Aquila heliaca Madagascar pond heron Ardeola idea Corn crake Crex crex Lesser kestrel Falco naumanni Endangered Vulnerable
Large predator – prey population and interactions B. Park Values & Purpose The Park is world famous for its abundant herbivore populations – a combined total of up to two million animals, which is the largest in the world. The large number of herbivores supports a correspondingly large population of more than 10,000 predators in a unique setting. The predator population includes a regionally important population of cheetah. Wilderness Large areas of the Park are very remote and form extensive wilderness areas, the second biggest in the Tanzania national park system after Ruaha National Park. Access to many of these areas is very difficult in the wet season due to impassable ‘black cotton’ soils. The wilderness areas have been purposefully underutilised in terms of tourism in order to retain their conservation value. Key wilderness areas include Suba, the Itonjo hills, Nyamuma, Maate and Orangi. Kopjes Kopjes, or inselbergs, are a characteristic feature of the Serengeti, particularly the plains, and form discrete bio-geographical island habitats that provide shelter and capture water for distinctive communities of plant and animal species (e.g. caracal, hyrax, wild cat). In addition, they serve as vantage points for both prey and predators and potentially safer areas in which some carnivores (e.g. cheetah and leopard) may hide their young. Mara and Grumeti riverine systems The two major river basin systems flowing through the Park – the Grumeti and the Mara – are important components of the ecosystem that while providing water to support terrestrial and avian wildlife also form a well-known natural hazard in the path of the annual wildebeest migration. The rivers are also in themselves major aquatic ecosystems in which a wide range of aquatic life occurs and in which large fauna – such as crocodile and hippo – as well as water-birds are found. Social National economic benefits The Serengeti is one of the most famous national parks and tourist destination in the world, with 150,000 visitors in the financial year 2003-4. This tourism contributes considerable economic benefit to the nation, with revenues from SENAPA amounting to Tshs 5,500 million for 2003/4. In terms of revenue generation, the Serengeti National Park is second to only Kilimanjaro National Park, and together the two parks account for about 77% of TANAPA’s total revenue (Gereta et al., 2003). The neighbouring district authorities also benefit through tax revenue and levies; for example, the Serengeti District Authority collects about Tshs 1,100 million per annum from five hotels/ camps operating within the Park. Tourist shops in the Park generate a further Tshs 4 million per annum in terms of taxes (Gereta et al. 2003). Direct economic benefits to communities The communities neighbouring the Park receive direct economic benefit predominantly through employment with SENAPA departments and tourist facilities; both within the Park and the neighbouring community areas. An example of the latter is Klein’s Camp, a 10,000 hectares private wildlife concession bordering the north-eastern boundary of the Park, which is leased from the Maasai community by Conservation Corporation Africa. This arrangement 15
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I. ANNEXES 161
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I. Annexes The United Republic of T
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Serengeti General Management Plan

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