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AAPI’S NUTRITION GUIDE TO OPTIMAL HEALTH: USING PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE AND NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS Zinc carnosine, a health food supplement that stabilizes small bowel integrity and stimulates gut repair processes. Gut. 2007;56:168-175. 97. Belluzi A. Brignola C. Campieri M. Pera A, Boschi S, Miglioli M. Effect of an entericalcoated fish-oil preparation on relapses in Crohn’s disease. N. Engl J Med. 1996;334:1557- 1560. 98. Souba WW, Klimberg VS, Plumley Da. The role of glutamine in maintaining a healthy gut and supporting the metabolic response to injury and infection. J Surgical Res. 1990;48:383-391. 99. Functional Medicine Clinical Series: Gastrointestinal Health. pg 45. 100. Blumenthal M. editor. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. 1 st ed. Austin, TX. American Botanical Council. 1998. 102 2012 101. O’Hara MA, Kiefer D, Farrell K. A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med 1998;7:523-536. 102. Sutton K. considerations for the successful development and launch of personalized nutrigenomic foods. Mutat Res. 2007; 622:117-121. 103. Muller M, Kersten S. Nutrigenomics: goals and strategies. Nature Rev/Genetics. 2003;4:325-322. 104. Kauwell GP. A genomic approach to dietetic practice. Are you ready? Top Clin Nutr. 2003;18:81-91. 105. Go VL, Nguyen CTH, Harris DM, Paul Lee WN. Nutrient-Gene Interaction: Metabolic Genotype-Phenotype Relationship. Journal of Nutrition. 2005;135:3016S-3020S.
AAPI’S NUTRITION GUIDE TO OPTIMAL HEALTH: USING PRINCIPLES OF FUNCTIONAL MEDICINE AND NUTRITIONAL GENOMICS 11 Probiotics In Gastrointestinal Disease Gerard E. Mullin, MD What are Probiotics? Probiotics are ‚live microbial feed supplements that beneficially affect the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance.‛ 1 There are numerous organisms that meet the criteria established by the WHO in order to be classified as a probiotic. Clinical Applications of Probiotics in Digestive Disease In IBS, the most commonly utilized and studied probiotic species are Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, and Saccharomyces boulardii. 2-4 The results of randomized, controlled clinical trials using probiotics to treat IBS symptoms are shown in Table 3. Bifidobacterium infantis 35624 (B. infantis) has been shown to be associated with improvement in IBS symptoms except stool frequency and consistency. 5, 6 Lactobacillus GG was shown in one study to be more likely to have treatment success and reduced frequency of pain compared to placebo. 7 A probiotic mixture containing 103 Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, L. rhamnosus LC705, Bifidobacterium breve Bb99, Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp, and shermanii JS was shown to be associated with improvement in IBS total symptom scores. 8, 9 VSL#3 was shown to be superior to placebo for improving bloating, flatulence in patients with IBS. 10 Fermented milk containing Bifidobacterium animalis, S. thermophilus and L. bulgaricus when compared to placebo was found superior for improving symptoms in patients with constipation-predominant IBS patients. 11 multispecies probiotic formulation used in a smaller study again showed improvement in composite IBS scores, specifically abdominal distension and pain, compared to placebo. 12 VSL#3 was shown to be significantly superior to placebo in the pediatric population. 13 Traveler’s Diarrhea Traveler's diarrhea is a condition that disrupts work and vacation and affects many individuals traveling from developed countries to developing countries. The most common causative bacterial A 2012
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