UltrasoUnd Physics & instrUmentation - Pegasus Lectures

1.3 Arteries ......................................................................................................................................850
1.4 Veins ..........................................................................................................................................851
1.5 Comparison of Arteries and Veins .............................................................................................851
1.6 Comparison of Arterioles and Capillaries .................................................................................851
2. Muscle Contraction and the Sodium Ion Pump ...................................................................................852
2.1 Positive and Negative Potentials ...............................................................................................852
2.2 Action Potentials........................................................................................................................853
2.3 Repolarization ............................................................................................................................853
2.4. The Depolarization Wave ..........................................................................................................853
2.5. The Refractory Period ...............................................................................................................853
3. Cardiac Muscle Contraction ................................................................................................................854
3.1 Differences Between Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle ...................................................................854
3.2 Extended Refractory Period.......................................................................................................855
3.3 Automaticity ..............................................................................................................................855
3.4. High Speed Electrical Pathway .................................................................................................856
4. Electrical Signals: The EKG ...............................................................................................................857
4.1 Phases of an EKG ......................................................................................................................857
4.2 Interpreting Timing and the Heart Rate .....................................................................................858
5. Pressure and Volume ...........................................................................................................................860
5.1 A few Fundamental Concepts ....................................................................................................860
5.1.1 The Simplified Law of Hemodynamics .......................................................................860
5.1.2 Mechanical Events Lag Electrical Events ...................................................................860
5.1.3 Isovolumic Contraction ................................................................................................860
5.1.4 The Continuity Equation ..............................................................................................860
5.2 Aortic Arterial Pressure .............................................................................................................861
5.2.1 The Pulse Pressure .......................................................................................................861
5.2.2 The Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) .............................................................................861
5.3 Isovolumic Contraction .............................................................................................................862
5.4 Compliance of the Aorta ............................................................................................................862
5.5 Physiologic Back-flow and Valve Closure ................................................................................862
5.6 Left Ventricular Pressure ...........................................................................................................863
5.6.1 Passive Filling ..............................................................................................................863
5.6.2 Atrial Kick and Ventricular Contraction ......................................................................863
5.6.3 Isovolumic Contraction ................................................................................................863
5.7 Left Atrial Pressure ....................................................................................................................864
6. The Complete Cardiac Cycle ..............................................................................................................864
7. The Right Side and the Cardiac Cycle ................................................................................................865
8. Efficiency and Heart Performance ......................................................................................................866
8.1 Stroke Volume ...........................................................................................................................866
8.2 Cardiac Output ...........................................................................................................................866
8.3 Ejection Fraction........................................................................................................................866
8.4 Cardiac Index .............................................................................................................................866
8.5 Mitral Regurgitant Fraction .......................................................................................................866
9. Frank-Starling’s Law ...........................................................................................................................867
9.1 Cardiac Reserve and the Normal Heart .....................................................................................867
9.2 Damage and Loss of Reserve ....................................................................................................867
10. Pressure Volume Curves .....................................................................................................................868
10.1 Diastolic Pressure Curve ...........................................................................................................868
10.2 Isovolumic Systolic Pressure Curve ..........................................................................................869
Pegasus Lectures, Inc.
xxxvii
Table of Contents