ESA Document - Emits - ESA

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L I S T O F F I G U R E S
HMM
Assessment Study
Report: CDF-20(A)
February 2004
page 9 of 422
FIGURE 2-1: REQUIRED PRESSURISED VOLUME AS A FUNCTION OF THE MISSION DURATION (HISTORICAL DATA) ........24
FIGURE 2-2: SURFACE AVAILABLE IN THE DIFFERENT EARTH SYSTEMS........................................................................24
FIGURE 2-3: BODY AXES DIRECTIONS ..........................................................................................................................25
FIGURE 2-4: MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE G-LOADS IN THE +GX DIRECTION.......................................................................25
FIGURE 2-5: REQUIREMENTS FOR SUSTAINED G-LOADS ...............................................................................................26
FIGURE 2-6: TOLERANCE TO SHORT-DURATION –GZ ACCELERATIONS.........................................................................26
FIGURE 2-7: TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY LEVELS ...................................................................................................27
FIGURE 2-8: ALLOWABLE CAREER RADIATION LEVELS BASED ON GENDER AND AGE OF THE CREW............................28
FIGURE 2-9: ASSUMED RECONDITIONING TIME TO MARTIAN GRAVITY ENVIRONMENT................................................28
FIGURE 2-10: TRAJECTORY OVERVIEW FOR MISSION 2033 .........................................................................................33
FIGURE 2-11: GEOMETRY FOR EARTH-MARS TRANSFER .............................................................................................33
FIGURE 2-12: GEOMETRY DURING MARS PHASE.........................................................................................................34
FIGURE 2-13: GEOMETRY DURING MARS-EARTH TRANSFER ......................................................................................34
FIGURE 2-14: EARTH RETURN TRAJECTORY STRATEGY ..............................................................................................35
FIGURE 2-15: DISTRIBUTION OF THE EVENT DURATION WHERE THE 10 MEV FLUX EXCEEDS 2 PROTONS/CM 2 /S/STER.41
FIGURE 2-16: GCR DOSE EQUIVALENT (SV/YEAR) AS A FUNCTION OF SHIELDING THICKNESS.....................................42
FIGURE 2-17: MISSION ELEMENTS FOR A HUMAN MISSION TO MARS ...........................................................................45
FIGURE 2-18: ∆V REQUIRED FOR THE DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS ......................................................................................50
FIGURE 2-19: MISSION DURATION FOR THE DIFFERENT SOLUTIONS .............................................................................51
FIGURE 2-20: TOTAL MISSION DURATION, TRIP DURATION AND STAY TIME AROUND MARS AND RATIO ......................52
FIGURE 2-21: ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ........................................................................................................................53
FIGURE 2-22: ENTRY VELOCITY AT EARTH ..................................................................................................................54
FIGURE 2-23: BOIL-OFF PROCESS .................................................................................................................................56
FIGURE 2-24: BOIL-OFF EFFECTS AND ∆V CAPABILITY LOSS .......................................................................................57
FIGURE 2-25: EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PARAMETERS ON THE BOIL-OFF (11 STACKS WITH A PAYLOAD OF 470 TONNES).57
FIGURE 2-26: NUMBER OF STACKS REQUIRED AS A FUNCTION OF LAUNCHER RATE AND BOIL-OFF RATE ....................58
FIGURE 2-27: ORBIT AROUND MARS............................................................................................................................60
FIGURE 2-28: TRANSFER HABITATION MODULE..........................................................................................................63
FIGURE 2-29: PROPULSION MODULE ............................................................................................................................64
FIGURE 2-30: TMI STACK CHARACTERISTICS ..............................................................................................................64
FIGURE 2-31: TMI SUPPORTING STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................................65
FIGURE 2-32: MOI STACK CHARACTERISTICS..............................................................................................................65
FIGURE 2-33: MOI SUPPORTING STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS .................................................................................66
FIGURE 2-34: TEI STACK CHARACTERISTICS ...............................................................................................................66
FIGURE 2-35: TMI SUPPORTING STRUCTURE CHARACTERISTICS..................................................................................67
FIGURE 2-36: MARS EXCURSION VEHICLE...................................................................................................................68
FIGURE 2-37: MISSION PHASES ....................................................................................................................................74
FIGURE 2-38: 40-DAY-PLUS SURFACE OPPORTUNITIES, USING A SOLAR CELL POWER SYSTEM .....................................77
FIGURE 2-39: MISSION TIMELINE .................................................................................................................................77
FIGURE 2-40: CONDITIONS IN CASE OF FAILED MOI ....................................................................................................80
FIGURE 2-41: EFFECT OF MICROGRAVITY ON PHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS......................................................................85
FIGURE 2-42: RADIAL ACCELERATION DEPENDING ON ROTATIONAL RADIUS AND ANGULAR VELOCITY .....................86
FIGURE 2-43: INFLUENCE OF THE THM MASS.............................................................................................................87
FIGURE 2-44: INFLUENCE OF THE ERC MASS..............................................................................................................88
FIGURE 2-45: INFLUENCE OF THE MEV MASS.............................................................................................................89
FIGURE 2-46: MISSION TIMELINE .................................................................................................................................90
FIGURE 2-47: ASSEMBLY TIME AND BOIL-OFF AS A FUNCTION OF LAUNCH RATE.........................................................92
FIGURE 2-48: ASSEMBLY TIME AS A FUNCTION OF LAUNCH RATE AND CHECK-OUT.....................................................93
FIGURE 2-49: THM CENTRAL CYLINDER AND SP1.......................................................................................................94
FIGURE 2-50: LAUNCH OF BACK NODE AND SP2.........................................................................................................95
FIGURE 2-51: LAUNCH OF FRONT NODE ......................................................................................................................95
FIGURE 2-52: LAUNCH OF TEI AND MOI.....................................................................................................................96
FIGURE 2-53: LAUNCH OF 2 ND AND 3 RD STAGE OF TMI .................................................................................................96