ESA Document - Emits - ESA
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ESA Document - Emits - ESA

ESA Document - Emits - ESA ESA Document - Emits - ESA

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s HMM Assessment Study Report: CDF-20(A) February 2004 page 108 of 422 • Higher robustness level required than with today’s satellites (e.g. higher number of sensors, fuzzy logic connection between sensors, distributed intelligence connected by a net) • Redundancy switching on lowest level (intelligent units required with self analysis capability) Active management of redundancy restoration on higher level • Out of limit checks also on-board • On-board capacity to repair • On-board capacity to patch software • Tools (e.g. simulators) required on-board (capacity for off-line testing required) • Ground – orbit cooperation to fix things despite long ground feedback time • More robust systems may make use of advanced technologies such as: • Intelligent sensors • Fuzzy logic • Artificial sensors (on the basis of intrinsic redundancies) • Intelligent consistency checks (on the basis of intrinsic redundancies) • Intelligent fault tolerance and recovery to enable for early warning/reconfiguration and optimum use of on-board systems • Optimisation of processes may make use of: • Adaptive control • Data fusion 2.10.1.3 Ground operations features The following ground features have been considered: • 24-hour-manned (small core team) monitoring of Martian TV and MEV • On-call availability of full operational team • Engineering capacity and real mock up on ground (requirement to track all configuration changes and actions on-board and to implement them on ground, increases down traffic for astronaut TCs) • Operations processes to be updated to reflect manned safety • Long feedback loops for deep-space limit the ground operation activities to planning off line monitoring and support • Cooperation with crew for tasks requiring short feedback • Continuous training of crew • High degree of crew autonomy requires concept to track actions of crew • Ground control would have to keep track of the changes and still keep an inventory of items and their state of usability Concerning crew communication, the following shall be implemented: • Crew to be enabled for email communications and internet access for personal, private, health, religion and work-related interests • On-board personal server to be available to the crew on-board that mirrors internet sites of personal interest to be available to the crew • E.g. a scientist working in his field of expertise. A three-year mission disrupts astronaut from contact to Earth scientific community. Astronauts should be able to contact and work with the Earth community via email and internet. High uplink rate expected. Safe firewall required

s 2.10.1.4 Communications HMM Assessment Study Report: CDF-20(A) February 2004 page 109 of 422 2.10.1.4.1 Earth orbit S-band ground stations of the ESA LEOP network are used for LEOP and emergency. An additional station is set up to fill the Pacific gap. The routine communications in assembly orbit are via a TDRSS. This structure is assumed to be still existing. 2.10.1.4.2 Mars orbit relay Communications from surface of Mars to Mars orbiting transfer vehicle would be limited to short slots. 24-hour communications require a Mars stationary satellite. Redundancy (approximately 10 h coverage/day) by direct link to Earth. Relay satellite is also used to support rendezvous and docking communication and navigation. 2.10.1.4.3 Solar flare warning infrastructure Early warning for solar flares is required, e.g. to reschedule EVAs. Potentially Sun-orbiting warning spacecraft(s) are required. Near 24-hour coverage for warning message is required. 2.10.1.4.4 Link requirements (cruise and at Mars) • Near 24-hour/day communications capability required for all links • Crew communications requires video: • Currently available RF links not sufficient at far distances • Link should be available at crew working hours • Availability should exceed 90% • Crew requires internet capabilities: • High performance (off line) uplink (with on-board server) • Link should be available round the clock • Availability should exceed 90% • Crew requires permanent presence communications link: • Near real time video, voice, and e-mail at a medium level performance • Link should be available round the clock (small gaps allowable) • Availability should exceed 95% • Availability should exceed 99% for 18 hours within a full day • Spacecraft is one to two orders more complex than today’s planetary spacecrafts, software complexity and diversity may be even higher

s<br />

2.10.1.4 Communications<br />

HMM<br />

Assessment Study<br />

Report: CDF-20(A)<br />

February 2004<br />

page 109 of 422<br />

2.10.1.4.1 Earth orbit<br />

S-band ground stations of the <strong>ESA</strong> LEOP network are used for LEOP and emergency. An<br />

additional station is set up to fill the Pacific gap.<br />

The routine communications in assembly orbit are via a TDRSS. This structure is assumed to be<br />

still existing.<br />

2.10.1.4.2 Mars orbit relay<br />

Communications from surface of Mars to Mars orbiting transfer vehicle would be limited to<br />

short slots. 24-hour communications require a Mars stationary satellite.<br />

Redundancy (approximately 10 h coverage/day) by direct link to Earth.<br />

Relay satellite is also used to support rendezvous and docking communication and navigation.<br />

2.10.1.4.3 Solar flare warning infrastructure<br />

Early warning for solar flares is required, e.g. to reschedule EVAs. Potentially Sun-orbiting<br />

warning spacecraft(s) are required. Near 24-hour coverage for warning message is required.<br />

2.10.1.4.4 Link requirements (cruise and at Mars)<br />

• Near 24-hour/day communications capability required for all links<br />

• Crew communications requires video:<br />

• Currently available RF links not sufficient at far distances<br />

• Link should be available at crew working hours<br />

• Availability should exceed 90%<br />

• Crew requires internet capabilities:<br />

• High performance (off line) uplink (with on-board server)<br />

• Link should be available round the clock<br />

• Availability should exceed 90%<br />

• Crew requires permanent presence communications link:<br />

• Near real time video, voice, and e-mail at a medium level performance<br />

• Link should be available round the clock (small gaps allowable)<br />

• Availability should exceed 95%<br />

• Availability should exceed 99% for 18 hours within a full day<br />

• Spacecraft is one to two orders more complex than today’s planetary spacecrafts,<br />

software complexity and diversity may be even higher

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