Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis

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Theoretical part 5. Production of prebiotics and novel prebiotic candidates depending on the enzyme source, synthesized FOS has different linkages, which mainly compose of 1‐kestose (α‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐β‐D‐fructofuranosyl‐β‐D‐fructofuranoside), nystose (α‐D‐ glucopyranosyl‐[β‐D‐fructofuranosyl]2‐β‐D‐fructofuranoside), and fructofuranosylnystose (α‐D‐ glucopyranosyl‐[β‐D‐fructofuranosyl]3‐β‐D‐fructofuranoside) (Yun et al., 1997;Rastall, 2007). Formation of FOS from sucrose occurs through a set of reactions, which initiates with sucrose acting as both donor and acceptor of a fructosyl residue, yielding glucose and 1‐kestose. Subsequently, 1‐kestose can function as fructosyl donor, and either sucrose or another oligofructose can function as acceptor. As a result of repeated transfructosylations, linear FOS is synthesized (Figure 5) (Duchateau et al., 1995;Kim et al., 1998). Commercial synthesized FOS can contain high levels of glucose and sucrose, released as by‐products. A previous study has compared the amount (%, w/w) of FOS produced by different enzyme forms and reaction modes, which led to mean values of 56% FOS, 27% glucose, and 17% sucrose (Yun et al., 1997). Hence, removal of by‐products using either membrane filtration or chromatographic procedures is important to produce products with high purity (Crittenden and Playne, 1996;Yun et al., 1997). Figure 5: Production of commercial FOS from either sucrose or inulin. Adapted from Crittenden and Playne (1996) 5.2. Production of novel non-digestible carbohydrates from by-product streams The use of by‐product streams from industrial production of e.g. sugar and potato starch has become an area of interest, since by‐products are rich sources of non‐digestible plant fibers and 28
Theoretical part 5. Production of prebiotics and novel prebiotic candidates thus prospective starting material for obtaining novel prebiotic candidates. More than 4 million tons of sugar beet pulp and 1 million tons of potato pulp are produced annually in the European community. The main utilization of these low‐valued by‐products is as animal feed (Mayer and Hillebrandt, 1997;Holck et al., 2011). Pectins are a major fraction of pulp and can be extracted from by‐products, yielding commercially high‐valued products (Buchholt et al., 2004;Manderson et al., 2005). 5.3. The structure of pectin Pectin is a complex mixture of polysaccharides that make up about one third of the cell wall dry substance of higher plants (Grassin and Fauquembergue, 1996h;Thakur et al., 1997). Pectin is primarily polymers of galacturonic acid units (GalA) joined in linear chains by means of α‐1,4 glycosidic linkages, which are organized in smooth regions (homogalacturonan, HG), and repeats of (1→2)‐α‐L‐rhamnosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐D‐galactosyluronic acid disaccharide units (rhamnogalacturonan I, RGI), which is organized in hairy regions (Grassin and Fauquembergue, 1996g;Thakur et al., 1997). HG is partly methoxylated at the carboxyl group and O‐acetylated on the O‐2 and/or O‐3. The side chains of the pectic backbone in RGI consist of neutral sugars such as arabinose and galactose, which are present in complex chains of considerable length. The neutral sugars carry ferulic acids. Ferulic acids esterify the O‐2 position in arabinose residues and the O‐6 position in galactose residues. The feruloyl substitutions can either be present as monomers or form dimers with other side chains (Levigne et al., 2002). Side chains of arabinan, galactan, or arabinogalactan are often linked (1→4) to the rhamnose in RGI. Arabinan are mostly (1→5) linked arabinofuranosyl units, but arabinofuranosyl units can also be connected to each other at O‐2, O‐3, and O‐5, forming a group of branched arabinan (Grassin and Fauquembergue, 1996f). The galactose units in galactans are joined by (1→4) linkages, however, (1→3) and (1→6) linkages can also occur (Thakur et al., 1997). Two types of arabinogalactans (AG) are found in the side chains of pectin. The first AG is composed of β‐(1,4)‐D‐galactan chains with α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl units attached to the O‐3 of the galactosyl units. The second AG is composed of a β‐(1,3)‐galactan chain. This chain is substituted by short β‐(1,6)‐D‐galactan chains, which carry additional branches of (1,3)‐and/or (1,5) linked α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl residues (Grassin and Fauquembergue, 1996e;Perez et al., 2000). The side chains of RGI can vary depending on plant source, from primarily branched arabinans in sugar beet (Oosterveld et al., 2000) to mainly linear galactans in potato (Øbro et al., 2004). Figure 29
Page 1: Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ul
Page 4 and 5: Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ul
Page 6 and 7: Preface Preface This thesis present
Page 8 and 9: Summary Summary The microbiota of t
Page 10 and 11: Dansk sammendrag Dansk sammendrag M
Page 12 and 13: Introduction and objectives Introdu
Page 14 and 15: List of Manuscripts Not included in
Page 16 and 17: List of contents List of Centents P
Page 18 and 19: List of Centents Methodology append
Page 21 and 22: 1. The intestinal environment Theor
Page 23 and 24: Theoretical part 5 1. The intestina
Page 25 and 26: 2. The colonic environment Theoreti
Page 27 and 28: Theoretical part 9 2. The colonic e
Page 29 and 30: Table 1: The presence of glycoside
Page 31 and 32: Theoretical part Figure 3: The colo
Page 33 and 34: 3. Inflammatory Bowel disease Theor
Page 35 and 36: Theoretical part 17 3. Inflammatory
Page 37 and 38: Theoretical part 19 4. Modulation o
Page 43 and 44: Table 4: Clinical trials on the pre
Page 45: Theoretical part 5. Production of p
Page 49 and 50: Theoretical part 5. Production of p
Page 51: Methodology part
Page 54 and 55: Methodology part 6. Methodology, co
Page 60 and 61: Introduction Methodology part 42 Pa
Page 62 and 63: Abstract Background Detailed knowle
Page 64 and 65: depending the level of disease acti
Page 66 and 67: in 1 x TAE at 60 °C for 16 h at 36
Page 68 and 69: Statistics PCA were generated by SA
Page 70 and 71: The PCA of the Gram‐positive bact
Page 72 and 73: layer of UC patients and found that
Page 74 and 75: Acknowledgements The authors thank
Page 76 and 77: Table 2 ‐ 16S rRNA gene and 16S
Page 78 and 79: 1. Firmicutes phylum 2. Bacteroidet
Page 80 and 81: Supplementary Figure S1. Dice clust
Page 82 and 83: Reference List 1. Ahmed S, Macfarla
Page 84 and 85: 32. Matsuki T, Watanabe K, Fujimoto
Page 87 and 88: Methodology part Paper 2 Fecal lact
Page 89 and 90: Fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacter
Page 91 and 92: Introduction The mucus layer lining
Page 93 and 94: efore enrolment and there was no si
Page 95 and 96: (Bio‐Rad Labs, Hercules, Californ
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Microbial community analysis using
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difference from the luminal microbi
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that C. coccoides group and C. lept
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Table 1 ‐ 16S rRNA gene of phylum
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Table 2 ‐ Preference of bacterial
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Figure 1. A) Schematic overview of
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A. B. Figure 3. Principal component
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15. Fooks LJ, Gibson GR. (2002) In
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47. Ouwehand AC, Suomalainen T, Tol
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Methodology part Paper 3 Paper 3 In
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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOL
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8338 VIGSNÆS ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON.
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Methodology part Introduction The a
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Ch
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Methodology part Paper 5 Paper 5 Ma
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Appl Microbiol Biotechnol (2011) 90
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Methodology part Paper 6 Tailored e
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Process Biochemistry 46 (2011) 1039
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Table 1 List of enzymes. Enzyme Sou
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J. Holck et al. / Process Biochemis
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Intensity 50 0 C1 175.05 J. Holck e
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J. Holck et al. / Process Biochemis
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[29] Bauer S, Vasu P, Persson S, Mo
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Methodology part 150
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Methodology part 152 Appendix 1 hor
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Appendix 3 Methodology part Appendi
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Methodology part 156 Appendix 3
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7. Discussion and perspectives Disc
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Discussion and conclusion 161 7. Di
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References References Abreu,M.T., V
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References Derrien,M., Vaughan,E.E.
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References Haarman,M. and Knol,J. (
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References Lantz,P.G., Matsson,M.,
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References Matsuki,T., Watanabe,K.,
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References Pullan,R.D., Thomas,G.A.
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References Tannock,G.W. (2010). Ana
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National Food Institute Technical U
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis

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