Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis

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Discussion and conclusion 164 7. Discussion and perspectives opportunistic pathogens; however in vivo studies or human trials are needed to confirm the ability of AOS to stimulate the growth of beneficial bacteria both in the lumen and mucus and through this able to promote health effects against colitis. 7.3. Validation of prebiotic properties of novel carbohydrates In Paper 4 and 5, novel carbohydrate preparations were tested in human fecal in vitro systems for prebiotic properties using FOS as prebiotic standard. The studies revealed that membrane separated AOS (DP7‐14) either feruloylated or nonferuloylated from sugar beet pectin (paper 4) and enzymatically produced β‐1,4‐galactan from potato pulp (paper 5) could stimulate the growth of bifidobacteria to the same extent or even higher than FOS after 24 hours of fermentation. In line with the results from Paper 4, bifidogenic effect of AOS (different chain length, DP2‐10) has been described in vitro in previous communications (fecal samples from healthy subjects) (Al‐ Tamimi et al., 2006;Hotchkiss et al., 2010) and Paper 3 (fecal samples from UC patients). It was expected that the feruloylated AOS from Paper 4 could selectively increase the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, because species of these genera have shown to be able to specifically express feruloyl esterase (Wang et al., 2005b;Szwajgier and Dmowska, 2010). However, the data revealed that the presence of feruloyl substitutions did not seem to be of significant importance for the bifidogenic effect of AOS, but rather the molecular weight with high molecular weight AOS inducing growth of bifidobacteria. The results from Paper 5 demonstrated selective stimulation of bifidobacterial growth on high molecular weight β‐1,4‐galactan from potato pulp. Literature has previous described that pure culture species of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are able to utilize arabinogalactan‐enriched polysaccharides (Van Laere et al., 2000) and in agreement with this, database search (http://www.cazy.org/, 2011‐10‐22) has revealed that species of Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus contain β‐1,4‐galactanase (EC 3.2.1.89); an enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of β‐1,4‐galactan. This indicates that even though several genera are able to utilize and grow on galactan, they may not be able to compete in mixed culture systems to the same extent as bifidobacteria. Paper 6 demonstrated that unsaturated oligogalacturonides (DP4 and DP5) from sugar beet HG were able to significantly alter the relative abundance of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes using human fecal in vitro systems. Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes constitute the major part of the
Discussion and conclusion 165 7. Discussion and perspectives intestinal microbiota (Eckburg et al., 2005;Arumugam et al., 2011) and dysbiosis in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio has been associated with intestinal colitis (Sokol et al., 2009). Thus, it could be speculated that a modified ratio of Firmicutes and Bacterioidetes could be beneficial with respect to mucosal inflammation. However, in addition to stimulate bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, the oligogalacturonides were unable to significantly induce growth (Appendix 3), which meant that short chains of HG lack prebiotic properties. Collectively, the results from Paper 4‐6 demonstrate that novel carbohydrate preparations derived from sugar beet and potato pulp may have prebiotic properties depending on monosaccharide composition and molecular weight by selectively stimulating the growth of bifidobacteria. The fact that it was the high molecular weight carbohydrates that stimulated bifidobacteria in vitro is a desirable attribute in vivo, since long‐chain carbohydrates may be slowly fermented by beneficial bacteria in the colon, thus allowing penetration of prebiotic effect all the way throughout the colon. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm prebiotic properties of these carbohydrate preparations and their persistence throughout the colon.
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ul
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ul
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Preface Preface This thesis present
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Summary Summary The microbiota of t
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Dansk sammendrag Dansk sammendrag M
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Introduction and objectives Introdu
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List of Manuscripts Not included in
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List of contents List of Centents P
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List of Centents Methodology append
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1. The intestinal environment Theor
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Theoretical part 5 1. The intestina
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2. The colonic environment Theoreti
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Theoretical part 9 2. The colonic e
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Table 1: The presence of glycoside
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Theoretical part Figure 3: The colo
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3. Inflammatory Bowel disease Theor
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Theoretical part 17 3. Inflammatory
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Theoretical part 19 4. Modulation o
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Table 4: Clinical trials on the pre
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Theoretical part 5. Production of p
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Methodology part
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Methodology part 6. Methodology, co
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Introduction Methodology part 42 Pa
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Abstract Background Detailed knowle
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depending the level of disease acti
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in 1 x TAE at 60 °C for 16 h at 36
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Statistics PCA were generated by SA
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The PCA of the Gram‐positive bact
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layer of UC patients and found that
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Acknowledgements The authors thank
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Table 2 ‐ 16S rRNA gene and 16S
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1. Firmicutes phylum 2. Bacteroidet
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Supplementary Figure S1. Dice clust
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Reference List 1. Ahmed S, Macfarla
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32. Matsuki T, Watanabe K, Fujimoto
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Methodology part Paper 2 Fecal lact
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Fecal lactobacilli and bifidobacter
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Introduction The mucus layer lining
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efore enrolment and there was no si
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(Bio‐Rad Labs, Hercules, Californ
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Microbial community analysis using
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difference from the luminal microbi
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that C. coccoides group and C. lept
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Table 1 ‐ 16S rRNA gene of phylum
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Table 2 ‐ Preference of bacterial
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Figure 1. A) Schematic overview of
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A. B. Figure 3. Principal component
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15. Fooks LJ, Gibson GR. (2002) In
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47. Ouwehand AC, Suomalainen T, Tol
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Methodology part Paper 3 Paper 3 In
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APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOL
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8338 VIGSNÆS ET AL. APPL. ENVIRON.
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Methodology part Introduction The a
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Journal of Agricultural and Food Ch
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Page 185 and 186: References References Abreu,M.T., V
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Page 193 and 194: References Matsuki,T., Watanabe,K.,
Page 195 and 196: References Pullan,R.D., Thomas,G.A.
Page 197 and 198: References Tannock,G.W. (2010). Ana
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Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis

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