Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis
Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Ulcerative Colitis
The composition of the species of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria derived from UC patients could also be the reason for the lower level found in the mucus in vitro, since expression of adhesion molecules and mucus‐degrading enzymes is likely to be species specific. In the present study, the content of three Bifidobacterium species in the M‐SHIME vessels for the three microbiota (healthy subjects, UC patients in remission or relapse) sources was measured. The ability to colonize the mucus was reduced for B. bifidum and B. adolescentis originating from UC patients in relapse while B. adolescentis and B. pseudocatenulatum was reduced in the mucus compared to the lumen in the vessels with microbiota derived from UC patients in remission. No significant difference in the lumen and mucus content of the three Bifidobacterium species derived from healthy subjects could be observed. This could imply that the Bifidobacterium species that are able to colonize the mucus may differ depending on disease state origin, resulting in different species composition. In agreement with this, previous study has shown that the ability of different lactic acid bacteria strains to adhere to intestinal mucus was disease‐specific; hence the inflammatory state in UC may influence mucosal adhesion [45]. In the present study, the content of C. coccoides group and C. leptum subgroup derived from UC patients in relapse was significantly lower in the mucus than in the lumen. This was also true for the C. leptum group and F. prausnitzii derived from UC patients in remission (Table 2). Depletion of the two clostridial groups including F. prausnitzii in UC patients has previously been described in fecal samples [57,58]. In contrast, E. rectale demonstrated high capacity for adhesion to mucus in the present study, particularly when derived from UC patients in remission or from healthy subjects. This was also the case for Roseburia spp. derived from UC patients in remission (Table 3). Little is known regarding the ability of the species from clostridial groups to colonize the mucus. However, our results imply that some species have high capacity for adhesion depending on microbiota sources. Clostridial groups such as C. coccoides group and C. leptum subgroup are believed to be important for colon health and immune homeostasis. This was demonstrated by Atarashi et al. [3], who showed that C. coccoides group and C. leptum subgroup can stimulate mucosal immune regulatory responses through activation of regulatory T cells. Additionally, C. coccoides group and C. leptum subgroup include several bacteria that are able to produce butyrate, which has shown to down regulate pro‐inflammatory cytokine production via inhibition of NF‐κβ and as a result stimulate an anti‐inflammatory state in the colon [18,55]. This suggests 12
that C. coccoides group and C. leptum subgroup are important commensal bacteria that if depleted in the mucus could have a consequence for colonic health. We conclude that the mucosal bacterial community differs from that of the luminal. The difference was ascribed to butyrate‐producing bacteria and lactic acid bacteria and was dominating the inter‐individual sample variation. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli derived from UC patients had decreased capacity to colonize the mucus, which may either be due to changed expression of adhesion molecules and/or to the composition of species within the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Our findings indicates that the ability of fecal bacteria to colonize the mucus is reduced in UC patients in relapse but only to some extent in UC patients in remission, which implies that the inflammatory state may have an influence on microbial adhesion capacity. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm these findings. 13
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that C. coccoides group and C. leptum subgroup are important commensal bacteria that if<br />
depleted <strong>in</strong> the mucus could have a consequence for colonic health.<br />
We conclude that the mucosal bacterial community differs from that <strong>of</strong> the lum<strong>in</strong>al. The<br />
difference was ascribed to butyrate‐produc<strong>in</strong>g bacteria and lactic acid bacteria and was<br />
dom<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>ter‐<strong>in</strong>dividual sample variation. Bifidobacteria and lactobacilli derived from UC<br />
patients had decreased capacity to colonize the mucus, which may either be due to changed<br />
expression <strong>of</strong> adhesion molecules and/or to the composition <strong>of</strong> species with<strong>in</strong> the genera<br />
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Our f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>dicates that the ability <strong>of</strong> fecal bacteria to<br />
colonize the mucus is reduced <strong>in</strong> UC patients <strong>in</strong> relapse but only to some extent <strong>in</strong> UC patients <strong>in</strong><br />
remission, which implies that the <strong>in</strong>flammatory state may have an <strong>in</strong>fluence on microbial adhesion<br />
capacity. However, further <strong>in</strong> vivo studies are needed to confirm these f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs.<br />
13
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