Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority
Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority
contain metals are present at discrete sites on two sides of these volcanic island chains (Figure 4): 1) the front or seaward-facing side; 2) the back or landward-facing side behind the volcanic islands. The settings favourable for the formation of massive sulphide deposits and associated manganese deposits on the two sides of the volcanic island chains are the calderas (collapsed craters) of seafloor volcanoes and seafloor spreading centres in the back arc basins. These seafloor-spreading centres are similar to, but generally smaller scale than, the submerged volcanic mountain range at divergent plate boundaries. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 80
Table 2: Submerged, volcanic mountain ranges (divergent plate boundaries) within 200 nautical miles (370 km) of land (location identified by number in Figure 2; modified from 8) Location Ocean Oceanic Ridge Land Country 1 Greenland Sea-Norwegian Sea 2 Greenland Sea-Norwegian Sea Mohns Ridge Svalbard Islands Jan Mayan Island Iceland-Jan Mayan Ridge Jan Mayan Island Greenland Iceland Norway Norway Norway Denmark Iceland 3 Greenland Sea-Norwegian Sea Kolbeinsey Ridge Iceland Iceland 4 North Atlantic Reykjanes Ridge Iceland Iceland 5 North Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Azores Islands Portugal 6 Caribbean Sea Cayman Spreading Centre Cayman Islands Jamaica 7 Equatorial Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks Brazil 8 South Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ascension Island United Kingdom 9 South Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Tristan de Cunha Gough Island United Kingdom United Kingdom 10 South Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Bouvet Island Norway 11 South Atlantic-Scotia Sea Scotia Spreading Centre South Sandwich Islands United Kingdom 12 Indian Ocean South-West Indian Ridge Prince Edward Islands, Marion Island Republic of South Africa 13 Indian Ocean Carlsberg Ridge Chagos Archipelago United Kingdom 14 Indian Ocean Gulf of Aden Spreading Centre 15 Red Sea Red Sea Spreading Centre 16 Indian Ocean South-East Indian Ridge 17 Antarctic Ocean Pacific-Antarctic Rise Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic Republic of Yemen Yemen Saudi Arabia Ethiopia Sudan Egypt Amsterdam Island St. Paul Island Antarctica Antarctica Yemen Saudi Arabia Ethiopia Sudan Egypt France France Australian Claim New Zealand Claim 18 Pacific Ocean Chile Rise Chile Chile 19 Pacific Ocean East Pacific Rise Easter Island Chile 20 Pacific Ocean Galapagos Spreading Centre Galapagos Islands Ecuador 21 Pacific Ocean East Pacific Rise Mexico Mexico 22 Pacific Ocean Gulf of California Spreading Centre Baja California Mexico 23 Pacific Ocean Gorda Ridge Oregon, California USA 24 Pacific Ocean Juan de Fuca Ridge British Columbia Canada 25 Pacific Ocean Endeavour Segment British Columbia Canada 26 Pacific Ocean Explorer Ridge British Columbia Canada INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 81
- Page 38 and 39: discovery of the new hydrothermal s
- Page 40 and 41: esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
- Page 42 and 43: global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
- Page 44 and 45: athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
- Page 46 and 47: were encouraging. In the course of
- Page 48 and 49: that this matter was sensitive, he
- Page 50 and 51: complete a preliminary evaluation o
- Page 52 and 53: metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
- Page 54 and 55: 12. Issues to be taken into account
- Page 56 and 57: entities. Many of them included min
- Page 58 and 59: In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
- Page 60 and 61: According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
- Page 62 and 63: With regard to current knowledge ab
- Page 64 and 65: Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
- Page 66 and 67: River resulting in the introduction
- Page 68 and 69: Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
- Page 70 and 71: geochemical and geotechnical survey
- Page 72 and 73: of its continental shelf through bi
- Page 74 and 75: also stated, is similar to that of
- Page 76 and 77: Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
- Page 78 and 79: Table 1: Classification of marine m
- Page 80 and 81: Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
- Page 82 and 83: deposits, including massive sulphid
- Page 84 and 85: 3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
- Page 86 and 87: The black smoker chimneys dischargi
- Page 90 and 91: Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
- Page 92 and 93: and refining of these crusts is mor
- Page 94 and 95: distances of hundreds of kilometres
- Page 96 and 97: 2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
- Page 98 and 99: 6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
- Page 100 and 101: 25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
- Page 102 and 103: With regard to marine mineral depos
- Page 104 and 105: Focussing on sites of sea floor min
- Page 106 and 107: scientific journal "Nature". The su
- Page 108 and 109: Professor Rona recalled that the in
- Page 110 and 111: like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
- Page 112 and 113: He noted that another product of ho
- Page 114 and 115: The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
- Page 116 and 117: a number of geothermal wells have b
- Page 118 and 119: 1. Introduction The discovery of hi
- Page 120 and 121: 0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
- Page 122 and 123: 3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
- Page 124 and 125: Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
- Page 126 and 127: 5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
- Page 128 and 129: (11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
- Page 130 and 131: Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
- Page 132 and 133: Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
- Page 134 and 135: the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
- Page 136 and 137: Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
Table 2: Submerged, volcanic mountain ranges (divergent plate boundaries) within 200<br />
nautical miles (370 km) of land (location identified by number in Figure 2; modified from 8)<br />
Location Ocean Oceanic Ridge Land Country<br />
1 Greenland Sea-Norwegian<br />
Sea<br />
2 Greenland Sea-Norwegian<br />
Sea<br />
Mohns Ridge Svalbard Islands<br />
Jan Mayan Island<br />
Iceland-Jan Mayan<br />
Ridge<br />
Jan Mayan Island<br />
Greenland<br />
Iceland<br />
Norway<br />
Norway<br />
Norway<br />
Denmark<br />
Iceland<br />
3 Greenland Sea-Norwegian<br />
Sea<br />
Kolbeinsey Ridge Iceland Iceland<br />
4 North Atlantic Reykjanes Ridge Iceland Iceland<br />
5 North Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Azores Islands Portugal<br />
6 Caribbean Sea Cayman Spreading<br />
Centre<br />
Cayman Islands Jamaica<br />
7 Equatorial Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge St. Peter and St. Paul Rocks Brazil<br />
8 South Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Ascension Island United Kingdom<br />
9 South Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Tristan de Cunha<br />
Gough Island<br />
United Kingdom<br />
United Kingdom<br />
10 South Atlantic Mid-Atlantic Ridge Bouvet Island Norway<br />
11 South Atlantic-Scotia Sea Scotia Spreading<br />
Centre<br />
South Sandwich Islands United Kingdom<br />
12 Indian Ocean South-West Indian<br />
Ridge<br />
Prince Edward Islands, Marion<br />
Island<br />
Republic of South<br />
Africa<br />
13 Indian Ocean Carlsberg Ridge Chagos Archipelago United Kingdom<br />
14 Indian Ocean Gulf of Aden<br />
Spreading Centre<br />
15 Red Sea Red Sea Spreading<br />
Centre<br />
16 Indian Ocean South-East Indian<br />
Ridge<br />
17 Antarctic Ocean Pacific-Antarctic<br />
Rise<br />
Democratic Republic of Yemen Democratic<br />
Republic of Yemen<br />
Yemen<br />
Saudi Arabia<br />
Ethiopia<br />
Sudan<br />
Egypt<br />
Amsterdam Island<br />
St. Paul Island<br />
Antarctica<br />
Antarctica<br />
Yemen<br />
Saudi Arabia<br />
Ethiopia<br />
Sudan<br />
Egypt<br />
France<br />
France<br />
Australian Claim<br />
New Zealand<br />
Claim<br />
18 Pacific Ocean Chile Rise Chile Chile<br />
19 Pacific Ocean East Pacific Rise Easter Island Chile<br />
20 Pacific Ocean Galapagos<br />
Spreading Centre<br />
Galapagos Islands Ecuador<br />
21 Pacific Ocean East Pacific Rise Mexico Mexico<br />
22 Pacific Ocean Gulf of California<br />
Spreading Centre<br />
Baja California Mexico<br />
23 Pacific Ocean Gorda Ridge Oregon, California USA<br />
24 Pacific Ocean Juan de Fuca Ridge British Columbia Canada<br />
25 Pacific Ocean Endeavour Segment British Columbia Canada<br />
26 Pacific Ocean Explorer Ridge British Columbia Canada<br />
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 81
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