05.02.2013
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Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Economic placer deposits of the continental shelf, Committee for the coordination of joint prospects for mineral resources in Asian Areas, Techn. Bull., 1, 95, 1968 Frazer J. Z. and Fisk M. B., Geologic factors related to characterisation of seafloor manganese nodules deposits, Report for the U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Scripps Institute of Oceanography Reference 79-19, 41pp, 1980 Frazer, J. Z. and Wilson L.L., Manganese nodulre resources in the Indain Ocean, Marine Mining, 2,/3, 257-292, 1977 Frazer, J. Z., Mangenese nodule reserves; an updated estimate, Marine Mining, 1/1&2, 103-123, 1977 Glasby, Marine manganese deposits, Elsevier Oceanography Series, 15, 1-11, Elsevier (pubs.) Amsterdam, 1977 Gornitz, V. and Fung, I., Potential distribution of methane hydrates in the world's oceans: Global Biogeochemical Cycles, v. 8, no. 3, 335-347, 1994 Greenslate J., Frazer J. Z. and Arrhenius G., Origin and deposition of selected transition elements in the seabed, in: Morgenstein M. (ed.) Papers on the Origin and Distribution of Manganese Nodules in the Pacific and Preospects for Exploration, Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, 45-70, 1973 Gross G. A. and McLeod C. R., Metallic Mineral on the Deep Seabed, Geological Survey of Canada, 86/21, 65pp, 1987. Halbach P. and Manheim F. T., Potential of cobalt and other metals in ferromanganese crusts on seamounts of the Central Pacific Basin, Marine Mining, 4, 319-336, 1984 Halbach P., Sattler C. D., Teichmasnn F. and Wahsner M., Cobalt-rich and platinum bearing manganese deposits on seamounts: nature, formation and metal potential, Marine Mining, 8, 23-36, 1989 INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 740
Halbach, The polymetallic deposits of the deep-sea bottom within the Pacific Ocean, Monograph Series on Mineral Deposits, 22, Gebruder Borntraeger (pubs.) Berlin-Stuttgart, 109-123, 1983 Hannington, M.D. and Scott, S.D., Gold and silver potential of polymetallic sulfide deposits on the sea floor, Marine Mining, 7(3), 271-285, 1988 Harben P. W. and Bates R. L., Industrial Minerals – Geology and world deposits, Industrial Minerals Div., Metal Bull., London, 1990 Hayes B. W., Law S. L., Barron D. C., Kramer G. W., Maeda R. and Magyar M. J., Pacific manganese deposits: characterisation and processing, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, Bulletin 697, 44pp, 1985 Hayes, D.E., and LaBrecque J.L., Sediment Isopachs: Circum-Antarctic to 30S, in Marine Geological and Geophysical Atlas of the Circum-Antarctic to 30S, edited by D.E. Hayes, 29-33, American Geophys. Union, Washington, D.C., 1991. Hein J. R. and Morgan C. L., Influence of substrate rocks on Fe-Mn crust compositions, Deep-Sea Research I, 46, 855-875, 1999 Hein J. R., Koschinsky A., Halbach P., Manheim F. T., Bau M., Kang J-K. and Lubick N., Iron and manganese oxide mineralisation in the Pacific, in: Hein et al., (eds.) Manganese Mineralisation: Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Terrestrial and Marine Deposits, Geol. Soc. Special Publication 119, 123-138, 1997 Herzig P. M. and Hannington M. D., Polymetallic massive sulphides and gold mineralisation at mid-ocean ridges and in subduction-related environments, in: Cronan D. S. (ed) Handbook of Marine Mineral Depoits , CRC press, (pub.), 347-368, 2000. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 741
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 216
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 218
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
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Because the metal market economy is
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14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
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The Secretary-General said that the
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Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
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prospecting would be more applicabl
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dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
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CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
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Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
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The extremely harsh environment bro
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In other regions of the world, enco
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REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
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In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
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In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
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ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
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Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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This is perhaps due to the percepti
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would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
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Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
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60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
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is that their exploitation might re
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further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
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The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
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Utilising Jago has made very detail
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Although at first glance the nature
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to levels capable of sustaining sea
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In accordance with De Beers’ over
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
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16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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eroded during regression and transg
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diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
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CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
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agreements require that government
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including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
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Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
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3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
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Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
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Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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presentation he would show that kno
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process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
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continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
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With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 674
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partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
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Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
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4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
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4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
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The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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Page 712 and 713:
averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 708
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 710
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Elemental resources for the top ten
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natural gas is commonly formed in a
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These areas are almost exclusively
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Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
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Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
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Similarly, much of the continental
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Although this is not an assessment
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A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
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Figure 28 shows the location of are
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ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 736
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Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
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Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
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Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
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Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
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Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
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Evaporite deposits http://www.black
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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these areas cover something like 25
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continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
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Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
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One participant recalled that Ms. Z
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vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Page 802 and 803:
Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
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Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
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Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
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Page 818 and 819:
designated by the Ministry. She sai
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Page 820 and 821:
quantity of data involved in the in
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operation (PDO) is normally prepare
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to the data when an area is relinqu
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Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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Page 828 and 829:
All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
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• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
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Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
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the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
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to the safety of persons and animal
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Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
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Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
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enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
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Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
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Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
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Appoint an authorized representativ
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The contractor will recover all ope
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Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
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Processing of products is subject t
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are more than 30 articles in the va
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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Ambassador Djalal informed particip
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production-sharing contracts became
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Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
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Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
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Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
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of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
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STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
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Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
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France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
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polymetallic massive sulphides. The
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crusts have also been found in area
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Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
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is currently no regional agency tas
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Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
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A new agreement between Japan and S
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Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
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deposits will be mined at some poin
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REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
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Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
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8. Individual nations should develo
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
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Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
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Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
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Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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