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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 736 Table 10: Summary of offshore resources in extended legal continental shelf (ECLS) areas and their commodity values at current (June 2000) prices. Prices are quoted from: (LME) London Metal Exchange, (USGS) United States Geological Survey and the (OGJ) Oil and Gas Journal. Prices for gas hydrates are based on conventional oil and gas prices at a barrel equivilence.
The value of the non-living resources in the ELCS regions depends on the technological developments that will allow their extraction and production. Because of this, with perhaps the exception of conventional gas and oil, and possibly gas hydrates, many resources on the ELCS will remain uncompetitive with onshore resources. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Agterberg, F.P. and Franklin, J.M., Estimation of the probability of occurrence of polymetallic massive sulfide deposits on the ocean floor. 467-483 in: P. Telki et al (ed.) Marine Minerals, 1987 Anon, Ocean Management, a regionl perspective: the prospects for commonwealth maritime co-operation in Asia and the Pacific. Commonwealth Secretariat (pubs.) 155pp, 1984 Anon., NOAA & MMS Marine Minerals CD-ROM Data Set, World Data Center for Marine Geology & Geophysics, Boulder, 1991 Baturin, G.N. and Savenko, V.S., Mechanism of formation of phosphorite nodules, Oceanology, 25(6), 747-750, 1985 Baturin, G.N. et al., Mineralogy and mineral resources of the ocean floor. in, A.S.Marfunin (ed.) Advanced mineralogy, Vol 3: Mineral matter in space, mantle, ocean floor, biosphere, environmental management and jewellery, pp.204-244, Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 437pp, 1998 Bentor, Y.K. (ed.), Marine phosphorites - geochemistry occurrence, genesis, (A symposium held at Xth International Congress on Sedimentology in Jerusalem, Israel, 9-14 July, 1978). Tulsa, Okla: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 249pp.1980 Binns, R.A., Scott, S.D., Bogdanov, Y.A., Lisitzin, A.P., Gordeev, V.V., Gurvich, E.G., Finlayson, E.J., Boyd, T., Dotter, L.E., Wheller, G.E. and Moravyev, V.G Hydrothermal oxide and gold-rich sulfate deposits of INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 737
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 216
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 218
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
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Because the metal market economy is
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14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
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The Secretary-General said that the
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Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
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prospecting would be more applicabl
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dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
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CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
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Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
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The extremely harsh environment bro
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In other regions of the world, enco
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REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
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In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
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In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
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ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
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Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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This is perhaps due to the percepti
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would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
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Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
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60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
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is that their exploitation might re
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further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
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The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
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Utilising Jago has made very detail
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Although at first glance the nature
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to levels capable of sustaining sea
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In accordance with De Beers’ over
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
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16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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eroded during regression and transg
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diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
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CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
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agreements require that government
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including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
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Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
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3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
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esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
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16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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presentation he would show that kno
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process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
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continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
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With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 674
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partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
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Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
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4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
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4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
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The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
-
Page 716 and 717:
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 708
-
Page 718 and 719:
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 710
-
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
-
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
-
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
-
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
-
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
-
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
-
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
-
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
-
Page 736 and 737:
4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
-
Page 738 and 739:
However, this does not include the
-
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
-
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
-
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
-
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
-
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
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Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
-
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
-
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
-
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
-
Page 760 and 761:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
-
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
-
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
-
Page 766 and 767:
programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
-
Page 768 and 769:
een happily persuaded in the other
-
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
-
Page 772 and 773:
own Namdeb. In addition, there are
-
Page 774 and 775:
The stated purpose of the Minerals
-
Page 776 and 777:
programme and specified minimum exp
-
Page 778 and 779:
them to give proper attention to ea
-
Page 780 and 781:
evaluation purposes in monitoring t
-
Page 782 and 783:
as far as the development of minera
-
Page 784 and 785:
Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
-
Page 786 and 787:
Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
-
Page 788 and 789:
the Ministry could benefit, as is c
-
Page 790 and 791:
understaffing do not currently util
-
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
-
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
-
Page 796 and 797:
Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
-
Page 798 and 799:
70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
-
Page 800 and 801:
of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
-
Page 802 and 803:
Nor does it give rights or priority
-
Page 804 and 805:
1 4. Data Management All data relat
-
Page 806 and 807:
possibility to evaluate the results
-
Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
-
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
-
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
-
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
-
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
-
Page 818 and 819:
designated by the Ministry. She sai
-
Page 820 and 821:
quantity of data involved in the in
-
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
-
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
-
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
-
Page 828 and 829:
All the above-mentioned minerals oc
-
Page 830 and 831:
e water depths between 400 and 1,00
-
Page 832 and 833:
As far as the Government is concern
-
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
-
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
-
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
-
Page 840 and 841:
ANP may send a representative to fo
-
Page 842 and 843:
esources other than oil or natural
-
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
-
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
-
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
-
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
-
Page 852 and 853:
g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
-
Page 854 and 855:
He said that the environment has to
-
Page 856 and 857:
ids. These comprised five Brazilian
-
Page 858 and 859:
After oil exploration gained moment
-
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
-
Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
-
Page 864 and 865:
(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
-
Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
-
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
-
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
-
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
-
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
-
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
-
Page 878 and 879:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
-
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
-
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
-
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
-
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
-
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
-
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
-
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
-
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
-
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
-
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
-
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
-
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
-
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
-
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
-
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
-
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
-
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
-
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
-
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
-
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
-
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
-
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
-
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
-
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
-
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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