Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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Chapter 6* Impact of the Development of Seafloor Massive Sulphides on deep-sea hydrothermal Vent Ecosystems S. Kim Juniper Chapter 7* Technical Requirements for Exploration and for Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts* Professor Peter Herzig and S. Petersen Chapter 8 Financing Exploration for Seafloor Sulphide Deposits. Julian Malnic Chapter 9 Status Report on the Data and Information Requirements of Papua New Guinea’s Seafloor Massive Sulphide Deposits. James Wanjik Chapter 10 Current National and International Programmes of Exploration for Seafloor Massive Sulphides and State-of-the-art Techniques and Operations in Exploration Dr. Chris German Chapter 11 A Comparison of Possible Economic Returns from Mining Deep Seabed Polymetallic Nodules, Seafloor Massive Sulphides and Cobalt-Rich Ferromanganese Crusts Jean-Pierre Lenoble *The papers contained in these chapters have been previously published under separate cover as Technical Study: No.2; ISBN # 976610467-0. The technical study does not contain the associated presentations or summaries of the discussions 273 303 332 357 376 427 v
PART 2. ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR EXPLORING AND EXPLOITING SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES AND COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUST DEPOSITS IN THE AREA Chapter 12 Open discussion, led by the Secretary-General 470 PART 3 PROSPECTS FOR OTHER MARINE MINERALS THAT MAY BE FOUND IN THE AREA Chapter 13 Petroleum Potential and Development Prospects in Deep-Sea Areas of the World Vladimir Vyotsky and A. I. Glumov Chapter 14 Submarine Methane Hydrate – Potential Fuel Resource of the 21 st Century Erhlich Desa Chapter 15 A Case Study in the Development of the Namibian Offshore Diamond Mining Industry Ian Corbett Chapter 16 A Case Study in the Development of an Environmental Baseline in Large Open-Ocean Systems off Southern Namibia by De Beers Marine Ian Corbett Chapter 17** Evaluation of the Non-Living Resources of the Continental Shelf Beyond the 200-mile Limit of the World’s Margins Lindsay Parson ** The paper presented by Mr Parson has been published under separate cover as ISA Technical Study No:1, ISBN#976-610-375-5. this technical study does not contain the associated presentation or summary of the subsequent discussions. 469 486 487 520 575 617 670 vi
Page 2 and 3: Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
Page 4 and 5: Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
Page 8 and 9: PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
Page 10 and 11: The Authority designates one of two
Page 12 and 13: deposits and gas hydrates of the co
Page 14 and 15: Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
Page 16 and 17: Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
Page 18 and 19: SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
Page 20 and 21: is to submit “an application that
Page 22 and 23: that was established to help protec
Page 24 and 25: on the continental margin. He state
Page 26 and 27: with the German firm Preussag. As p
Page 28 and 29: metre or metres of these black smok
Page 30 and 31: nodules in terms of these metals -
Page 32 and 33: Professor Herzig stressed however t
Page 34 and 35: While noting that the continuity of
Page 36 and 37: asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
Page 38 and 39: discovery of the new hydrothermal s
Page 40 and 41: esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
Page 42 and 43: global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
Page 44 and 45: athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
Page 46 and 47: were encouraging. In the course of
Page 48 and 49: that this matter was sensitive, he
Page 50 and 51: complete a preliminary evaluation o
Page 52 and 53: metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
Page 54 and 55: 12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Page 226 and 227:
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
Page 322 and 323:
grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
Page 326 and 327:
Dr. Herzig informed participants th
Page 328 and 329:
search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
Page 332 and 333:
Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
Page 354 and 355:
Page 356 and 357:
flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
Page 362 and 363:
Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
Page 370 and 371:
As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
Page 396 and 397:
et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
Page 412 and 413:
51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
Page 414 and 415:
69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
Page 416 and 417:
87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
Page 418 and 419:
107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
Page 420 and 421:
cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
Page 422 and 423:
In relation to spreading rates at v
Page 424 and 425:
coordination to actually get to go
Page 426 and 427:
esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
Page 434 and 435:
This paper proposes to compare the
Page 436 and 437:
• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
Page 440 and 441:
The morphology of the mineral edifi
Page 442 and 443:
Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
Page 444 and 445:
Detailed exploration has not been c
Page 446 and 447:
flotation, can separate the ferroma
Page 448 and 449:
The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
Page 454 and 455:
ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459:
14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
Page 460 and 461:
31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
Page 462 and 463:
48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
Page 464 and 465:
66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
Page 466 and 467:
classification system, Mr. Lenoble
Page 468 and 469:
To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
Page 472 and 473:
international community is only jus
Page 474 and 475:
Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479:
Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
Page 480 and 481:
problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483:
prospecting would be more applicabl
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dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
Page 490 and 491:
sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493:
CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
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Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
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The extremely harsh environment bro
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In other regions of the world, enco
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REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
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In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
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In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
Page 532 and 533:
methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
Page 570 and 571:
further pointed out that even if on
Page 572 and 573:
Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
Page 578 and 579:
aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
Page 592 and 593:
deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
Page 598 and 599:
to levels capable of sustaining sea
Page 600 and 601:
In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
Page 610 and 611:
diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
Page 612 and 613:
technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
Page 614 and 615:
and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
Page 626 and 627:
Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
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including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
Page 642 and 643:
advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
Page 648 and 649:
unquestionably be alarming, and the
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
Page 670 and 671:
would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
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With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
Page 680 and 681:
2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
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4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
Page 698 and 699:
sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
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The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
Page 708 and 709:
(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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520 million tonnes of copper”. In
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Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
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Although this is not an assessment
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A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
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continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
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Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
Page 804 and 805:
1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
Page 828 and 829:
All the above-mentioned minerals oc
Page 830 and 831:
e water depths between 400 and 1,00
Page 832 and 833:
As far as the Government is concern
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
Page 852 and 853:
g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
Page 854 and 855:
He said that the environment has to
Page 856 and 857:
ids. These comprised five Brazilian
Page 858 and 859:
After oil exploration gained moment
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
Page 864 and 865:
(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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