Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation on oil gas resources in small fields and unconventional deposits, In: R.F: Meyer and J.C. Olson (Editors), Long-term energy resources, 1. Pitman, Boston, Mass., 49-72 21. M.J. Whiticar, E. Faber and M. Schoell (1986), Biogenic methane formation in marine and fresh water environments: CO2 reduction vs. acetate formation - isotope evidence. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, 693- 709. 22. C.K. Paul, W. Ussler and W.S. Borowski (1994), Sources of biogenic methane to form marine gas hydrates, In: E.D. Sloan, J. Happle and M.A. Hnatow (Editors), <strong>International</strong> Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 715,392-409. 23. G.E. Claypool and K.A. Kvenvolden (1983), Methane and other hydrocarbon gases in marine sediment, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 11, 299-327. 24. M. Hovland and A.G. Judd (1988), Features associated with seepage. In: Sea- bed Pockmarks and Seepages, Impact on Geology; Biology and the Marine Environment, Graham and Trotman, London, Chapter 7, 180-203. 25. M. Hovland, A.G. Judd and R.A. Burke, Jr. (1993), The global flux of methane from shallow submarine sediments (Chemosphere, 26 (1-4), 559-578. 26. P.R. Miles (1995), Potential distribution of methane hydrate beneath the European continental margins, Geophysical Research Letters, 22(23), 3179-3182. 27. M .K. Macleod (1982), Gas hydrates in ocean bottom sediments, Bulletin of American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 66, 2649 - 2662. 28. K.A. Kvenvolden and L.A. Barnard (1983), Hydrates of natural gas in continental margins, Bulletin of American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 34, 631 - 640. 29. W.P. Dillon, W.L. Myung and D.F. Coleman (1994), Identification of marine hydrate in situ and their distribution off the Atlantic coast of INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 554
the United States. In: E. D. Sloan, J. Happle and M.A. Hnatow (Editors), <strong>International</strong> Conference on Natural Gas Hydrates, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, New York, 715, 364- 380. 30. G.D. Ginsburg (1998), Gas hydrate accumulation in deep water marine sediments, In: J - P. Henriet and, J. Mienert (Editors,) Gas Hydrates: Relevance of World Margins Stability and Climatic Change, Geological Society; London, Special Publications, 137, 51-62. 31. G.J. De Lange and H -J. Brumsack (1998), The occurrence 6fgas hydrates in eastern Mediterranean mud dome structures as indicated by pore water composition, In: J - P. Henriet and, J. Mienert (Editors,) Gas Hydrates: Relevance of World Margins Stability and Climatic Change, Geological Society; London, Special Publications, 137, 167 - 175. 32. R.G. Markl, G.M. Bryan and J.I. Ewing (1970), Structure of the Blake- Bahama outer ridge, Journal of Geophysical Research, 75, 4539-4555. 33. T.H. Shipley et. al. (1979), Seismic evidence for widespread possible gas hydrate horizons on continental slopes and rises, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 63(12), 2204-2213. 34. B.E. Tucholke, G.M. Bryan and J.I. Ewing (1977), Gas hydrate horizons detected in seismic profiler data from the Western North Atlantic, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 61 (5), 698 -707. 35. W.P. Dillon, J.A. Grow and C.K. Paull (1980), Unconventional gashydrate seals may trap gas off southeast U.S., Oil and Gas Journal, 78(1), 124- 130. 36. R.V. Huene and I.A. Pecher (1999), Vertical tectonics and the origins of BSR's along the Peru margin, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 166, 47-55. 37. R.D. Hyndman and E.E. Davis (1992), A mechanism for the formation of methane hydrate and seafloor bottom-simulating reflectors by vertical fluid expulsion, Journal of Geophysical Research, 97(85), 7025- 7041. 38. B.U. Haq (1996), Implication of gas hydrates for continental margin stratigraphy and global climate change: the long term record, in: First INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 555
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
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Because the metal market economy is
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14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
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The Secretary-General said that the
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Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
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prospecting would be more applicabl
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dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
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CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
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Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513: The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515: In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517: REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521: Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523: In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
Page 524 and 525: Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
Page 526 and 527: and we shall encounter severe deple
Page 528 and 529: In the 1960's scientists discovered
Page 530 and 531: Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
Page 532 and 533: methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
Page 534 and 535: It has been assumed that the struct
Page 536 and 537: identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539: ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541: Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
Page 542 and 543: floor have indicated the presence o
Page 544 and 545: of free gas below the BSR is usuall
Page 546 and 547: sediment and to provide an indicati
Page 548 and 549: 6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
Page 550 and 551: deposits can be commercial, even in
Page 552 and 553: at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
Page 554 and 555: Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
Page 556 and 557: This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559: would provide Japan with methane fo
Page 560 and 561: NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
Page 564 and 565: Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567: 60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569: is that their exploitation might re
Page 570 and 571: further pointed out that even if on
Page 572 and 573: Dr. Desa also informed participants
Page 574 and 575: thickness of the sediments, the thi
Page 576 and 577: pressure at sea level leads to hydr
Page 578 and 579: aware of any studies of natural ear
Page 580 and 581: CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
Page 582 and 583: NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585: The Orange River, one of Africa’s
Page 586 and 587: formation of a large accretion coar
Page 588 and 589: The deep-water ore body more closel
Page 590 and 591: 4. The mineral resource management
Page 592 and 593: deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595: Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597: Although at first glance the nature
Page 598 and 599: to levels capable of sustaining sea
Page 600 and 601: In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605: 16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 608 and 609: eroded during regression and transg
Page 610 and 611: diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
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CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
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agreements require that government
Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
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Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
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3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
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continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
Page 690 and 691:
3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
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Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
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continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
Page 784 and 785:
Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
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One participant recalled that Ms. Z
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vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
Page 804 and 805:
1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
Page 832 and 833:
As far as the Government is concern
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
Page 840 and 841:
ANP may send a representative to fo
Page 842 and 843:
esources other than oil or natural
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
Page 852 and 853:
g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
Page 854 and 855:
He said that the environment has to
Page 856 and 857:
ids. These comprised five Brazilian
Page 858 and 859:
After oil exploration gained moment
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
Page 864 and 865:
(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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explorations may continue concurren
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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