Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT IN DEVELOPING A FRAMEWORK FOR THE EXPLORING AND EXPLOITATING SEAFLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES AND COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS AND DEPOSITS IN THE AREA Chapter 12 Open Discussion, Led by the Secretary-General INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 466
Introduction CHAPTER 12 Open Discussion, Led by the Secretary-General Following the presentations and discussions on the current state of knowledge and technical issues related to the sustainable development of seafloor massive sulphides and ferro-manganese cobalt-rich crusts deposits in the Area, as well as the Government of Papua New Guinea’s efforts to devise a marine minerals policy to govern the seafloor massive sulphides in its territorial waters and exclusive economic zone, the Secretary-General of the International Seabed Authority introduced participants to the immediate task of the Authority which is to adopt rules, regulations and procedures for prospecting and exploring for these resources in the Area. The Secretary- General’s introduction to the topic is in the form of an informal presentation that, inter alia, addressed how the principle of the Common Heritage of mankind was taken into account for deep seabed polymetallic nodules of the Area, and how the principle could similarly be incorporated into the regulations for these two types of mineral resources. Following the Secretary- General’s introduction, workshop participants made their views of how the common heritage principle could be incorporated in rules, regulations and procedures for prospecting and exploring for the two types of mineral resources. Secretary-General’s presentation The Secretary-General thanked experts who had presented papers on various aspects of seafloor massive sulphides and ferromanganese cobalt-rich crusts deposits of the Area, and expressed his appreciation for the opportunity to have an exchange of views on the formulation of rules, regulations and procedures for prospecting and exploration for these resources taking into account the principle that the resources of the Area are the Common Heritage of Mankind. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 467
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
Page 424 and 425: coordination to actually get to go
Page 426 and 427: esources and to know whether or not
Page 428 and 429: ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
Page 430 and 431: have oversimplified the case in his
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
Page 434 and 435: This paper proposes to compare the
Page 436 and 437: • The distance between the mining
Page 438 and 439: economic value. Phosphatisation has
Page 440 and 441: The morphology of the mineral edifi
Page 442 and 443: Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
Page 444 and 445: Detailed exploration has not been c
Page 446 and 447: flotation, can separate the ferroma
Page 448 and 449: The crushed and ground ore can be c
Page 450 and 451: 3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
Page 452 and 453: alloys or even manganese ore in the
Page 454 and 455: ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457: Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459: 14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
Page 460 and 461: 31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
Page 462 and 463: 48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
Page 464 and 465: 66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
Page 466 and 467: classification system, Mr. Lenoble
Page 468 and 469: To recapitulate the sizes and possi
Page 470 and 471: proposed processing technologies an
Page 472 and 473: international community is only jus
Page 476 and 477: The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479: Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
Page 480 and 481: problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483: prospecting would be more applicabl
Page 484 and 485: dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
Page 486 and 487: workshop, in relation to deposit ev
Page 488 and 489: an economic perspective, including
Page 490 and 491: sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493: CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
Page 494 and 495: structure and filled with sediments
Page 496 and 497: Basin groups are subdivided into ty
Page 498 and 499: during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
Page 500 and 501: Figure 4: Volume density of initial
Page 502 and 503: ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
Page 504 and 505: Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
Page 506 and 507: Speaking about particular geographi
Page 508 and 509: World Ocean, including areas off no
Page 510 and 511: Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513: The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515: In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517: REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519: SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521: Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523: In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
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In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
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ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
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Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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This is perhaps due to the percepti
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would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
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Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
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60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
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is that their exploitation might re
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further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
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The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
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Utilising Jago has made very detail
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Although at first glance the nature
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to levels capable of sustaining sea
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In accordance with De Beers’ over
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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eroded during regression and transg
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diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
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CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
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including diamonds, from non-fluore
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agreements require that government
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including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
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Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
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3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
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esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
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16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
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presentation he would show that kno
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process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
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continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
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The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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of the Namibian government would be
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With the exception of the West Paci
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1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
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partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
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Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
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4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
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4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
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The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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520 million tonnes of copper”. In
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Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
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natural gas is commonly formed in a
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These areas are almost exclusively
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Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
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Although this is not an assessment
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A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
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Figure 28 shows the location of are
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ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
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these areas cover something like 25
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continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
Page 796 and 797:
Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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in the Barents Sea there is still a
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period that can last up to ten year
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conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
Page 842 and 843:
esources other than oil or natural
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
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Those who are entitled to the land
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and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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