Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P. Choukroune et al. (1979), Massive sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise, Nature, 277, 5697, 523-528. 32. R.H. Sillitoe (1973), Environments of formation of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Economic Geology, 68, 1321-1325. 33. J. -P. Lenoble (1982), Les ressources minérales sous-marines, Les Cahiers Français, La Documentation Française, 208, 55-58. 34. S.D. Scott (1983), Basalt and sedimentary-hosted seafloor polymetallic sulfide deposits and their ancien analogues, OCEANS'83, (29 August-1 September 1983, San Francisco), 818-824. 35. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.J. Miller et al. (1998), The deep structure of a sea-floor hydrothermal deposit, Nature, 392, 2 April 1998, 485-488. 36. M. Solomon and K. Zaw (1997), Formation on the sea floor of the Hellyer volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit, Economic Geology, 92, 6, 686-695. 37. H. Admoun and T. Juteau (1998), Découverte d'un système hydrothermal océanique fossile dans l'ophiolite antécambrienne de Khzama (massif du Siroua, Anti-Atlas marocain), C. R. Acad. Sci. (Ser. 2a) (Sci. Terre Planete), 327, 5, 335-340. 38. C.A. Eddy, Y. Dilek, S. Hurst et al. (1998), Seamount formation and associated caldera complex and hydrothermal mineralization in ancient oceanic crust, Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus), Tectonophysics, 292, 3-4, 189-210. 39. Z. Hou and T. Urabe (1996), A comparative study on geochemistry of sulfide ores from the kuroko-type deposits on ancient and modern sea floor. In Chinese, Geochimica (Diqiu Huaxue), 25, 3, 228-241. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 452
40. K. Iizasa, Y. Horii, Y. Fujiwara et al. (1999), A Kuroko-type polymetallic sulfide deposit in a submarine silicic caldera, Science (Washington), 283, 5404, 975-977. 41. M.P. Marani, F. Gamberi and C. Savelli (1997), Shallow-water polymetallic sulfide deposits in the Aeolian island arc, Geology, 25, 9, 815-818. 42. Y. Fouquet, U. von Stackelberg, J.L. Charlou et al. (1991), Hydrothermal activity and metallogenesis in the Lau back-arc basin, Nature, 349, 778-781. 43. K. Iizasa, J. Naka, M. Yuasa et al. (1997), Sulfide chimneys and massive sulfides at Myojin knoll caldera, Izu-Ogasawara arc, JAMSTEC Journal of Deep Sea Research, 13, 443-456. 44. M.D. Hannington, P.M. Herzig, S. Petersen et al. (1998), Major and trace element geochemistry of shipboard samples from site 957, TAG hydrothermal field, Mid-Atlantic ridge, In P. M. Herzig et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, (College Station, TX, USA, Ocean Drilling Program), vol 158, 27-39. 45. V. Marchig, N. Blum and G. Roonwall (1997), Massive sulfide chimneys from the East Pacific rise at 7°34'S and 16°43'S, Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 15, 1, 49-66. 46. D.J. Miller (1998), Geochemical analyses of massive sulfide and sediment samples from the TAG hydrothermal mound, In P. M. Herzig et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, (College Station, TX, USA, Ocean Drilling Program), vol 158, 41-46. 47. P. Kia and J. Lasark (1999), Overview of Papua New Guinea offshore resources, Offshore minerals policy workshop, (22-26 February, 1999, Mandang, Papua New Guinea), SOPAC Miscellaneous report 323, 39- 46. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 453
Page 2 and 3:
Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
Page 410 and 411: 33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
Page 412 and 413: 51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
Page 414 and 415: 69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
Page 416 and 417: 87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
Page 418 and 419: 107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
Page 420 and 421: cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
Page 422 and 423: In relation to spreading rates at v
Page 424 and 425: coordination to actually get to go
Page 426 and 427: esources and to know whether or not
Page 428 and 429: ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
Page 430 and 431: have oversimplified the case in his
Page 432 and 433: CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
Page 434 and 435: This paper proposes to compare the
Page 436 and 437: • The distance between the mining
Page 438 and 439: economic value. Phosphatisation has
Page 440 and 441: The morphology of the mineral edifi
Page 442 and 443: Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
Page 444 and 445: Detailed exploration has not been c
Page 446 and 447: flotation, can separate the ferroma
Page 448 and 449: The crushed and ground ore can be c
Page 450 and 451: 3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
Page 452 and 453: alloys or even manganese ore in the
Page 454 and 455: ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457: Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459: 14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
Page 462 and 463: 48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
Page 464 and 465: 66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
Page 466 and 467: classification system, Mr. Lenoble
Page 468 and 469: To recapitulate the sizes and possi
Page 470 and 471: proposed processing technologies an
Page 472 and 473: international community is only jus
Page 474 and 475: Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477: The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479: Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
Page 480 and 481: problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483: prospecting would be more applicabl
Page 484 and 485: dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
Page 486 and 487: workshop, in relation to deposit ev
Page 488 and 489: an economic perspective, including
Page 490 and 491: sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493: CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
Page 494 and 495: structure and filled with sediments
Page 496 and 497: Basin groups are subdivided into ty
Page 498 and 499: during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
Page 500 and 501: Figure 4: Volume density of initial
Page 502 and 503: ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
Page 504 and 505: Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
Page 506 and 507: Speaking about particular geographi
Page 508 and 509: World Ocean, including areas off no
Page 510 and 511:
Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513:
The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521:
Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
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In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
Page 552 and 553:
at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
Page 556 and 557:
This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
Page 562 and 563:
20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
Page 570 and 571:
further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
Page 578 and 579:
aware of any studies of natural ear
Page 580 and 581:
CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
Page 586 and 587:
formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
Page 592 and 593:
deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
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to levels capable of sustaining sea
Page 600 and 601:
In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
Page 610 and 611:
diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
Page 620 and 621:
system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
Page 626 and 627:
Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
Page 628 and 629:
• Undertake necessary mitigatory
Page 630 and 631:
State, by such spilling or pollutio
Page 632 and 633:
including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
Page 638 and 639:
ackground levels and confined to a
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
Page 642 and 643:
advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
Page 646 and 647:
Levene’s test could also be used
Page 648 and 649:
unquestionably be alarming, and the
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
Page 666 and 667:
initial mining, but that within a v
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
Page 670 and 671:
would result in the extermination o
Page 672 and 673:
The participant from Saudi Arabia r
Page 674 and 675:
of the Namibian government would be
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
Page 678 and 679:
1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
Page 680 and 681:
2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
Page 686 and 687:
occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
Page 690 and 691:
3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
Page 694 and 695:
to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
Page 700 and 701:
4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
Page 702 and 703:
4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
Page 706 and 707:
Manganese crusts that are rich in c
Page 708 and 709:
(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
Page 736 and 737:
4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
Page 738 and 739:
However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
Page 766 and 767:
programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
Page 768 and 769:
een happily persuaded in the other
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
Page 772 and 773:
own Namdeb. In addition, there are
Page 774 and 775:
The stated purpose of the Minerals
Page 776 and 777:
programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
Page 780 and 781:
evaluation purposes in monitoring t
Page 782 and 783:
as far as the development of minera
Page 784 and 785:
Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
Page 786 and 787:
Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
Page 788 and 789:
the Ministry could benefit, as is c
Page 790 and 791:
understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
Page 796 and 797:
Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
Page 798 and 799:
70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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planning of future activities. The
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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in the Barents Sea there is still a
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period that can last up to ten year
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conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
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operation (PDO) is normally prepare
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to the data when an area is relinqu
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CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
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• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
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This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
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to the safety of persons and animal
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found offshore Brazil. With regard
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een discovered in the basin, includ
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enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
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and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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explorations may continue concurren
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Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
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production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
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and cooperation with Pertamina and
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A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
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polymetallic massive sulphides. The
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crusts have also been found in area
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Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
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is currently no regional agency tas
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The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
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18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
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8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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