Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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search for sites of hydrothermal venting. Since methane is also emitted at faults, and by hydrothermal alteration (serpentinization), Dr. Herzig stressed the need for a correlation between manganese and methane. He used an example from the Indian Ocean to highlight the need. In addition to these two elements, Dr. Herzig said that isotopes such as helium are also good pathfinder elements. However, while manganese and methane can be analyzed on the vessel, helium and the other isotopes have to be analyzed in a land-based laboratory. Dr. Herzig said that temperature anomalies are also used in the search. The towed CTD devices are excellent for this purpose he said, because very little time is wasted lowering and raising the system. Dr. Herzig said that recently, geochemical scanners have been developed and are being used. He showed participants pictures of two such systems, the ZAPS system that was developed by Oregon State University, and the SAUVE system that was developed by the United States NOAA. Dr. Herzig said that ZAPS is towed by the vessel and is able to record the density of metal particles from black smokers in the water column. The SUAVE system, also towed by the research vessel, was presented by Dr Herzig and shown mounted on a video camera system. Dr. Herzig said that the SUAVE system could analyse Fe 2+ , Fe 3+ , Manganese and Hydrogen sulphide (H2S). He said that the data obtained by this system are stored on a recorder within the instrument, retrieved later, and correlated with time. Dr. Herzig said that time on the vessel is positioned, so when correlated with position, researchers are able to go back to areas where anomalies have been identified. Dr. Herzig said that both systems could be equipped with a CTD system. He also said that both systems could analyse the concentration of manganese photo-chemically and also measure bio-phosphorescence. The data collected by the system are stored on a recorder, and subsequently related to the vessel’s position. He said that an obvious advantage of this system is the large area that it could cover. He described the system as a time saving method of acquiring the relevant information. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 320
Dr. Herzig informed participants of techniques and tools for taking samples of sediment and hard rocks in prospective areas. Among other things, he said that information obtained through sediments could be used to determine the proximity of hydrothermal sites. He pointed out the many ways of taking sediment samples; piston corers, spade corers, box corers etc. For collecting rock (non-sediment) samples, Dr. Herzig suggested two methods. These were dredging and TV guided grabs. In relation to dredging, Dr. Herzig recalled Dr. Hein’s presentation and said that the range of dredges included barrel dredges, box dredges, and chain bag dredges for various purposes. He showed participants how a conventional chain bag dredge is configured and used to recover either rocks or massive sulphides. Dr. Herzig however said that the more elegant approach to sampling is with the TV guided grab. He informed participants that this system was developed by PREUSSAG a few years ago, for the Galapagos Rift Exploration Programme for massive sulphides. Through slides, Dr. Herzig demonstrated how the system operates and the advantages that it provides the researcher/explorer in the search for hydrothermal vent sites. Dr. Herzig said that the grab shown in the slide could hold up to 3 tonnes of sulphides or rocks. At the centre of the grab, Dr. Herzig showed a TV camera and a number of lights. He explained that with this system, as the grab is lowered to the seafloor with open claws, small areas of the seafloor could be mapped in detail. Dr. Herzig informed the participants of the flexibility of this system for selecting samples. He said that a sample could be selected and rejected from the control room of the vessel because the claws of the grab could be opened and closed depending on the life of the deep-sea batteries used in this mechanism. He described the TV guided grab as an excellent system for sampling, for the selection of samples and for mapping. With regard to the claw type dredge, Dr. Herzig said that an entire chimney had been recovered INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 321
Page 2 and 3:
Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
Page 278 and 279: On the most promising sites for cru
Page 280 and 281: In addition to the International Se
Page 282 and 283: 1. Introduction Plant life is impos
Page 284 and 285: Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
Page 286 and 287: Figure 2 Simplified representation
Page 288 and 289: Figure 3 Major components of a gene
Page 290 and 291: the mussel's nutrition. When experi
Page 292 and 293: Reasons for this do not appear to b
Page 294 and 295: egions, one study pointed out that
Page 296 and 297: very widespread, supporting microbi
Page 298 and 299: Studies of the rapid colonisation o
Page 300 and 301: y mining, which is expected to be v
Page 302 and 303: 2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
Page 304 and 305: 19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
Page 306 and 307: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 308 and 309: together with mucus that is secrete
Page 310 and 311: close to neutral ph conditions, it
Page 312 and 313: France, Germany, the United Kingdom
Page 314 and 315: of the sedimentary column, whereas
Page 316 and 317: Table 2: Research Submersibles and
Page 318 and 319: 4. Technical Requirements For resea
Page 320 and 321: 5. Processing Technologies The phys
Page 322 and 323: grow on substrate rocks because of
Page 324 and 325: 5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
Page 326 and 327: Dr. Herzig informed participants th
Page 330 and 331: with such a grab. In addition to th
Page 332 and 333: Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
Page 334 and 335: equired to make sure that the ship
Page 336 and 337: Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
Page 338 and 339: commercial. Since confidentiality o
Page 340 and 341: CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
Page 342 and 343: The traditional project stages that
Page 344 and 345: there is a subset that forms in spe
Page 346 and 347: of competing for the attention of i
Page 348 and 349: 7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
Page 350 and 351: 8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
Page 352 and 353: Because exhalative SMS deposits are
Page 354 and 355: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 356 and 357: flow to the metal markets. He also
Page 358 and 359: shortage in the next couple of year
Page 360 and 361: starts, the operation could take pl
Page 362 and 363: Based on this and other considerati
Page 364 and 365: Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
Page 366 and 367: and silver. Except for volcanically
Page 368 and 369: 2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
Page 370 and 371: As a general principle the fiscal p
Page 372 and 373: I think the issue is not as simple
Page 374 and 375: Table 3: Data and information requi
Page 376 and 377: former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
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Because the metal market economy is
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14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
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The Secretary-General said that the
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Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
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prospecting would be more applicabl
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dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
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CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
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Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Speaking about particular geographi
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World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
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The extremely harsh environment bro
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In other regions of the world, enco
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REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
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In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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It has been assumed that the struct
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identification of gas hydrate in ma
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ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
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Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
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at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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This is perhaps due to the percepti
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would provide Japan with methane fo
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NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
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further pointed out that even if on
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Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
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pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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aware of any studies of natural ear
Page 580 and 581:
CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
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The Orange River, one of Africa’s
Page 586 and 587:
formation of a large accretion coar
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The deep-water ore body more closel
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4. The mineral resource management
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deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
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Although at first glance the nature
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to levels capable of sustaining sea
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In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
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diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
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technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
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of De Beers’ deepwater operation
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system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
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Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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State, by such spilling or pollutio
Page 632 and 633:
including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
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ackground levels and confined to a
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
Page 644 and 645:
local geology, sedimentology and mi
Page 646 and 647:
Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
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initial mining, but that within a v
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
Page 670 and 671:
would result in the extermination o
Page 672 and 673:
The participant from Saudi Arabia r
Page 674 and 675:
of the Namibian government would be
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
Page 678 and 679:
1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
Page 680 and 681:
2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
Page 686 and 687:
occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
Page 710 and 711:
There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
Page 766 and 767:
programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
Page 786 and 787:
Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
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vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
Page 818 and 819:
designated by the Ministry. She sai
Page 820 and 821:
quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
Page 828 and 829:
All the above-mentioned minerals oc
Page 830 and 831:
e water depths between 400 and 1,00
Page 832 and 833:
As far as the Government is concern
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
Page 840 and 841:
ANP may send a representative to fo
Page 842 and 843:
esources other than oil or natural
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
Page 852 and 853:
g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
Page 854 and 855:
He said that the environment has to
Page 856 and 857:
ids. These comprised five Brazilian
Page 858 and 859:
After oil exploration gained moment
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
Page 864 and 865:
(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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