Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

More documents

Recommendations

Info

grow on substrate rocks because of metal precipitation from cold ambient seawater close to the oxygen minimum zone 2 . Relative to ferromanganese nodules, the crusts contain elevated concentrations of cobalt (up to more than 2.0 wt. per cent) and Platinum (up to 3 ppm). Research on cobalt-bearing ferromanganese crusts has largely been carried out in the 1980s by the United States, Germany and Japan 2 . It was found that economic grade crusts should be at least 4 cm thick and contain >one wt. per cent cobalt on average 11 . The majority of the crust fields are found in the Exclusive Economic Zones of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, and the USA, as well as in the international waters of the Central Pacific Mountains. Mining of crusts fields involves the efficient fragmentation and in situ separation of the crusts from the substrate rock to avoid dilution of the crusts metal grade, a problem which has still not been sufficiently resolved (Table 5). However, hydro jet systems and heavy-duty roller combined with suction and hydraulic pipe lift or airlift devices have been designed but not yet fully tested. Any mining system needs to be capable of mining at least 1 million tonnes per year. This scenario allows for 80 % separation efficiency and 25% dilution by substrate rock fragments 2 . As the interest in ferromanganese crusts mining is currently, relatively low, new technical developments of mining equipment such as advanced trench cutters have not taken place. This is also true for metallurgical processing which needs to focus on the efficient recovery not only of the cobalt but also of the platinum, which has been a major problem in the past. Table 5: Mining Ferromanganese Crusts Efficient separation of crust from substrate rock by hydro jet system heavy-duty rollers Both systems need further development and full testing 7. Conclusions First order technical requirements for polymetallic massive sulphides exploration include portable drilling and coring devices to be operated from ships-of-opportunity. These systems need to be capable of drilling several INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 314
tens of meters into the seafloor with more than 50 per cent core recovery. For mining massive sulphides at and just below the seafloor, continuous operating devices with large-scale cutter heads in combination with airlift or hydraulic pumps need to be developed (Table 6). Exploration tools for cobaltbearing ferromanganese crusts such as deep-towed cameras, side-scan sonar, and TV-guided grabs are available. The problem of the efficient separation of the crusts from the substrate rock by suitable mining tools (hydro jet, rollers) has not been resolved and needs further consideration. Table 6: Continuous Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulphides Deposits - Rotating cutter heads (7-10 m diameter) - Airlift or hydraulic pumping of ore slurry to mining vessel - Transfer of ore from mining vessel to cargo freighter REFERENCES 1. J. Francheteau, H.D. Needham, P. Choukroune, T. Juteau, M. Seguret, R.D. Ballard, P.J. Fox, W. Normark, A. Carranza, D. Cordoba, J. Guerrero, C. Rangin, H. Bougault, P. Cambon, and R. Hekinian (1979), Massive deep-sea sulphide ore deposits discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Nature, 277, 523-528. 2. J.R. Hein, A. Koschinsky, M. Bau, F.T. Manheim, J. -K. Kang, and L. Roberts (2000) Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts in the Pacific. In: Handbook of Marine Mineral Deposits, D.S. Cronan (ed): 239-279. 3. S. Sarata and K. Matsumoto (1999), Deep-sea core boring BMS in Northern Mariana Area. Proceedings of the 3 rd ISOPE, Goa, India: 49-54. 4. P.M. Herzig, S.E. Humphris, D.J. Miller, and R.A. Zierenberg, R.A. (eds.) (1998), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, Volume 158: Collage Station, TX. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 315
Page 2 and 3:
Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
Page 4 and 5:
Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
Page 6 and 7:
Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
Page 8 and 9:
PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
Page 10 and 11:
The Authority designates one of two
Page 12 and 13:
deposits and gas hydrates of the co
Page 14 and 15:
Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
Page 16 and 17:
Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
Page 18 and 19:
SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
Page 20 and 21:
is to submit “an application that
Page 22 and 23:
that was established to help protec
Page 24 and 25:
on the continental margin. He state
Page 26 and 27:
with the German firm Preussag. As p
Page 28 and 29:
metre or metres of these black smok
Page 30 and 31:
nodules in terms of these metals -
Page 32 and 33:
Professor Herzig stressed however t
Page 34 and 35:
While noting that the continuity of
Page 36 and 37:
asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
Page 38 and 39:
discovery of the new hydrothermal s
Page 40 and 41:
esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
Page 42 and 43:
global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
Page 44 and 45:
athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
Page 46 and 47:
were encouraging. In the course of
Page 48 and 49:
that this matter was sensitive, he
Page 50 and 51:
complete a preliminary evaluation o
Page 52 and 53:
metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
Page 54 and 55:
12. Issues to be taken into account
Page 56 and 57:
entities. Many of them included min
Page 58 and 59:
In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
Page 60 and 61:
According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
Page 62 and 63:
With regard to current knowledge ab
Page 64 and 65:
Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
Page 66 and 67:
River resulting in the introduction
Page 68 and 69:
Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
Page 70 and 71:
geochemical and geotechnical survey
Page 72 and 73:
of its continental shelf through bi
Page 74 and 75:
also stated, is similar to that of
Page 76 and 77:
Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
Page 78 and 79:
Table 1: Classification of marine m
Page 80 and 81:
Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
Page 82 and 83:
deposits, including massive sulphid
Page 84 and 85:
3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
Page 86 and 87:
The black smoker chimneys dischargi
Page 88 and 89:
contain metals are present at discr
Page 90 and 91:
Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
Page 92 and 93:
and refining of these crusts is mor
Page 94 and 95:
distances of hundreds of kilometres
Page 96 and 97:
2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
Page 98 and 99:
6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
Page 100 and 101:
25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
Page 102 and 103:
With regard to marine mineral depos
Page 104 and 105:
Focussing on sites of sea floor min
Page 106 and 107:
scientific journal "Nature". The su
Page 108 and 109:
Professor Rona recalled that the in
Page 110 and 111:
like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
Page 112 and 113:
He noted that another product of ho
Page 114 and 115:
The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
Page 116 and 117:
a number of geothermal wells have b
Page 118 and 119:
1. Introduction The discovery of hi
Page 120 and 121:
0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
Page 122 and 123:
3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
Page 124 and 125:
Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
Page 126 and 127:
5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
Page 128 and 129:
(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
Page 130 and 131:
Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
Page 132 and 133:
Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
Page 134 and 135:
the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
Page 136 and 137:
Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
Page 138 and 139:
60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
Page 140 and 141:
9. Perspective If further explorati
Page 142 and 143:
3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
Page 144 and 145:
19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
Page 146 and 147:
35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
Page 148 and 149:
53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
Page 150 and 151:
68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
Page 152 and 153:
85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
Page 154 and 155:
southern segment is a fast-spreadin
Page 156 and 157:
Professor Herzig said that the spec
Page 158 and 159:
Professor Herzig said that the depo
Page 160 and 161:
Professor Herzig informed participa
Page 162 and 163:
he informed participants that in ad
Page 164 and 165:
In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
Page 166 and 167:
deposits is essential to reliably a
Page 168 and 169:
would be removed from the deposit.
Page 170 and 171:
CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
Page 172 and 173:
� Metallogenic provinces that are
Page 174 and 175:
A digital map of ore-bearing region
Page 176 and 177:
of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
Page 178 and 179:
development there are areas with ma
Page 180 and 181:
Regarding the formation of the firs
Page 182 and 183:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 184 and 185:
the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
Page 186 and 187:
Intensive investigations resulted i
Page 188 and 189:
Based on the potential resources co
Page 190 and 191:
It should be noted that other massi
Page 192 and 193:
Generally, the massive sulphides or
Page 194 and 195:
With regard to the gold values repo
Page 196 and 197:
CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
Page 198 and 199:
Current patterns, topography, botto
Page 200 and 201:
Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
Page 202 and 203:
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
Page 204 and 205:
Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
Page 206 and 207:
sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
Page 208 and 209:
Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
Page 210 and 211:
today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
Page 212 and 213:
Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
Page 214 and 215:
3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
Page 216 and 217:
Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
Page 218 and 219:
3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
Page 220 and 221:
elements associated with the detrit
Page 222 and 223:
Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Page 224 and 225:
Page 226 and 227:
Page 228 and 229:
Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
Page 230 and 231:
A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
Page 232 and 233:
4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
Page 234 and 235:
5. Biological Communities and Curre
Page 236 and 237:
6. Resource, Technology and Economi
Page 238 and 239:
MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
Page 240 and 241:
not economical, under the circumsta
Page 242 and 243:
Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
Page 244 and 245:
3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
Page 246 and 247:
deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
Page 248 and 249:
29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
Page 250 and 251:
Angeles, CA, International Society
Page 252 and 253:
geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
Page 254 and 255:
73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
Page 256 and 257:
86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
Page 258 and 259:
110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
Page 260 and 261:
132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
Page 262 and 263:
B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
Page 264 and 265:
Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
Page 266 and 267:
economic potential in hydrogenetic
Page 268 and 269:
Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
Page 270 and 271:
depths. Up welling increases primar
Page 272 and 273: een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
Page 274 and 275: shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
Page 276 and 277: In relation to mining technology, o
Page 278 and 279: On the most promising sites for cru
Page 280 and 281: In addition to the International Se
Page 282 and 283: 1. Introduction Plant life is impos
Page 284 and 285: Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
Page 286 and 287: Figure 2 Simplified representation
Page 288 and 289: Figure 3 Major components of a gene
Page 290 and 291: the mussel's nutrition. When experi
Page 292 and 293: Reasons for this do not appear to b
Page 294 and 295: egions, one study pointed out that
Page 296 and 297: very widespread, supporting microbi
Page 298 and 299: Studies of the rapid colonisation o
Page 300 and 301: y mining, which is expected to be v
Page 302 and 303: 2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
Page 304 and 305: 19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
Page 306 and 307: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 308 and 309: together with mucus that is secrete
Page 310 and 311: close to neutral ph conditions, it
Page 312 and 313: France, Germany, the United Kingdom
Page 314 and 315: of the sedimentary column, whereas
Page 316 and 317: Table 2: Research Submersibles and
Page 318 and 319: 4. Technical Requirements For resea
Page 320 and 321: 5. Processing Technologies The phys
Page 324 and 325: 5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
Page 326 and 327: Dr. Herzig informed participants th
Page 328 and 329: search for sites of hydrothermal ve
Page 330 and 331: with such a grab. In addition to th
Page 332 and 333: Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
Page 334 and 335: equired to make sure that the ship
Page 336 and 337: Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
Page 338 and 339: commercial. Since confidentiality o
Page 340 and 341: CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
Page 342 and 343: The traditional project stages that
Page 344 and 345: there is a subset that forms in spe
Page 346 and 347: of competing for the attention of i
Page 348 and 349: 7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
Page 350 and 351: 8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
Page 352 and 353: Because exhalative SMS deposits are
Page 354 and 355: SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 356 and 357: flow to the metal markets. He also
Page 358 and 359: shortage in the next couple of year
Page 360 and 361: starts, the operation could take pl
Page 362 and 363: Based on this and other considerati
Page 364 and 365: Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
Page 366 and 367: and silver. Except for volcanically
Page 368 and 369: 2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
Page 370 and 371: As a general principle the fiscal p
Page 372 and 373:
I think the issue is not as simple
Page 374 and 375:
Table 3: Data and information requi
Page 376 and 377:
former case a reminder notice is se
Page 378 and 379:
6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
Page 380 and 381:
longer an area is held, more inform
Page 382 and 383:
from the deep sea. One group of enz
Page 384 and 385:
CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
Page 386 and 387:
times greater than atmospheric pres
Page 388 and 389:
Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
Page 390 and 391:
Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
Page 392 and 393:
Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
Page 394 and 395:
Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
Page 396 and 397:
et al., 1998) - one of the two very
Page 398 and 399:
seabed but, instead, are dispersed
Page 400 and 401:
Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
Page 402 and 403:
oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
Page 404 and 405:
Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
Page 406 and 407:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
Page 408 and 409:
15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
Page 410 and 411:
33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
Page 412 and 413:
51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
Page 414 and 415:
69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
Page 416 and 417:
87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
Page 418 and 419:
107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
Page 420 and 421:
cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
Page 422 and 423:
In relation to spreading rates at v
Page 424 and 425:
coordination to actually get to go
Page 426 and 427:
esources and to know whether or not
Page 428 and 429:
ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
Page 430 and 431:
have oversimplified the case in his
Page 432 and 433:
CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
Page 434 and 435:
This paper proposes to compare the
Page 436 and 437:
• The distance between the mining
Page 438 and 439:
economic value. Phosphatisation has
Page 440 and 441:
The morphology of the mineral edifi
Page 442 and 443:
Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
Page 444 and 445:
Detailed exploration has not been c
Page 446 and 447:
flotation, can separate the ferroma
Page 448 and 449:
The crushed and ground ore can be c
Page 450 and 451:
3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
Page 452 and 453:
alloys or even manganese ore in the
Page 454 and 455:
ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
Page 458 and 459:
14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
Page 460 and 461:
31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
Page 462 and 463:
48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
Page 464 and 465:
66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
Page 466 and 467:
classification system, Mr. Lenoble
Page 468 and 469:
To recapitulate the sizes and possi
Page 470 and 471:
proposed processing technologies an
Page 472 and 473:
international community is only jus
Page 474 and 475:
Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
Page 478 and 479:
Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
Page 480 and 481:
problems would resurface, because i
Page 482 and 483:
prospecting would be more applicabl
Page 484 and 485:
dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
Page 486 and 487:
workshop, in relation to deposit ev
Page 488 and 489:
an economic perspective, including
Page 490 and 491:
sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493:
CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
Page 494 and 495:
structure and filled with sediments
Page 496 and 497:
Basin groups are subdivided into ty
Page 498 and 499:
during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4: Volume density of initial
Page 502 and 503:
ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
Page 504 and 505:
Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
Page 506 and 507:
Speaking about particular geographi
Page 508 and 509:
World Ocean, including areas off no
Page 510 and 511:
Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513:
The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521:
Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
Page 524 and 525:
Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
Page 526 and 527:
and we shall encounter severe deple
Page 528 and 529:
In the 1960's scientists discovered
Page 530 and 531:
Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
Page 532 and 533:
methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
Page 534 and 535:
It has been assumed that the struct
Page 536 and 537:
identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
Page 542 and 543:
floor have indicated the presence o
Page 544 and 545:
of free gas below the BSR is usuall
Page 546 and 547:
sediment and to provide an indicati
Page 548 and 549:
6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
Page 550 and 551:
deposits can be commercial, even in
Page 552 and 553:
at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
Page 554 and 555:
Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
Page 556 and 557:
This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
Page 560 and 561:
NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
Page 562 and 563:
20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
Page 570 and 571:
further pointed out that even if on
Page 572 and 573:
Dr. Desa also informed participants
Page 574 and 575:
thickness of the sediments, the thi
Page 576 and 577:
pressure at sea level leads to hydr
Page 578 and 579:
aware of any studies of natural ear
Page 580 and 581:
CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
Page 582 and 583:
NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
Page 586 and 587:
formation of a large accretion coar
Page 588 and 589:
The deep-water ore body more closel
Page 590 and 591:
4. The mineral resource management
Page 592 and 593:
deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
Page 598 and 599:
to levels capable of sustaining sea
Page 600 and 601:
In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
Page 610 and 611:
diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
Page 612 and 613:
technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
Page 614 and 615:
and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
Page 616 and 617:
With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
Page 618 and 619:
of De Beers’ deepwater operation
Page 620 and 621:
system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
Page 624 and 625:
change through heat transport and c
Page 626 and 627:
Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
Page 628 and 629:
• Undertake necessary mitigatory
Page 630 and 631:
State, by such spilling or pollutio
Page 632 and 633:
including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
Page 638 and 639:
ackground levels and confined to a
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
Page 642 and 643:
advocated this approach for environ
Page 644 and 645:
local geology, sedimentology and mi
Page 646 and 647:
Levene’s test could also be used
Page 648 and 649:
unquestionably be alarming, and the
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
Page 652 and 653:
sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
Page 666 and 667:
initial mining, but that within a v
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
Page 670 and 671:
would result in the extermination o
Page 672 and 673:
The participant from Saudi Arabia r
Page 674 and 675:
of the Namibian government would be
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
Page 678 and 679:
1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
Page 680 and 681:
2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
Page 686 and 687:
occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
Page 690 and 691:
3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
Page 694 and 695:
to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
Page 698 and 699:
sedimentary layers that are favoura
Page 700 and 701:
4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
Page 702 and 703:
4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
Page 706 and 707:
Manganese crusts that are rich in c
Page 708 and 709:
(3) where bottom currents are effec
Page 710 and 711:
There are four elements are of econ
Page 712 and 713:
averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
Page 736 and 737:
4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
Page 738 and 739:
However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
Page 766 and 767:
programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
Page 768 and 769:
een happily persuaded in the other
Page 770 and 771:
Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
Page 772 and 773:
own Namdeb. In addition, there are
Page 774 and 775:
The stated purpose of the Minerals
Page 776 and 777:
programme and specified minimum exp
Page 778 and 779:
them to give proper attention to ea
Page 780 and 781:
evaluation purposes in monitoring t
Page 782 and 783:
as far as the development of minera
Page 784 and 785:
Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
Page 786 and 787:
Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
Page 788 and 789:
the Ministry could benefit, as is c
Page 790 and 791:
understaffing do not currently util
Page 792 and 793:
One participant recalled that Ms. Z
Page 794 and 795:
vessels there are sophisticated sec
Page 796 and 797:
Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
Page 798 and 799:
70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
Page 800 and 801:
of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
Page 802 and 803:
Nor does it give rights or priority
Page 804 and 805:
1 4. Data Management All data relat
Page 806 and 807:
possibility to evaluate the results
Page 808 and 809:
planning of future activities. The
Page 810 and 811:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 812 and 813:
in the Barents Sea there is still a
Page 814 and 815:
period that can last up to ten year
Page 816 and 817:
conditions in these areas, as well
Page 818 and 819:
designated by the Ministry. She sai
Page 820 and 821:
quantity of data involved in the in
Page 822 and 823:
operation (PDO) is normally prepare
Page 824 and 825:
to the data when an area is relinqu
Page 826 and 827:
CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
Page 828 and 829:
All the above-mentioned minerals oc
Page 830 and 831:
e water depths between 400 and 1,00
Page 832 and 833:
As far as the Government is concern
Page 834 and 835:
• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
Page 836 and 837:
This tax must be paid up to January
Page 838 and 839:
the one whose burning is authorised
Page 840 and 841:
ANP may send a representative to fo
Page 842 and 843:
esources other than oil or natural
Page 844 and 845:
to the safety of persons and animal
Page 846 and 847:
found offshore Brazil. With regard
Page 848 and 849:
een discovered in the basin, includ
Page 850 and 851:
enhance oil recovery. He said that
Page 852 and 853:
g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
Page 854 and 855:
He said that the environment has to
Page 856 and 857:
ids. These comprised five Brazilian
Page 858 and 859:
After oil exploration gained moment
Page 860 and 861:
Those who are entitled to the land
Page 862 and 863:
and replaced by the President, and
Page 864 and 865:
(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
Page 866 and 867:
explorations may continue concurren
Page 868 and 869:
Appoint an authorized representativ
Page 870 and 871:
The contractor will recover all ope
Page 872 and 873:
of US dollar... (negotiable) within
Page 874 and 875:
Processing of products is subject t
Page 876 and 877:
are more than 30 articles in the va
Page 878 and 879:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
Page 880 and 881:
Ambassador Djalal informed particip
Page 882 and 883:
production-sharing contracts became
Page 884 and 885:
said that the remainder of the prod
Page 886 and 887:
and cooperation with Pertamina and
Page 888 and 889:
A participant wanted to know whethe
Page 890 and 891:
of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
Page 892 and 893:
STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
Page 894 and 895:
Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
Page 896 and 897:
France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
Page 898 and 899:
polymetallic massive sulphides. The
Page 900 and 901:
crusts have also been found in area
Page 902 and 903:
Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
Page 904 and 905:
is currently no regional agency tas
Page 906 and 907:
The types of data that have been in
Page 908 and 909:
A new agreement between Japan and S
Page 910 and 911:
SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
Page 912 and 913:
deposits will be mined at some poin
Page 914 and 915:
REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
Page 916 and 917:
18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
Page 918 and 919:
8. Individual nations should develo
Page 920 and 921:
SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
Page 922 and 923:
With regard to the name of the orga
Page 924 and 925:
the benefit that had accrued to the
Page 926 and 927:
The discussions that followed Mr. S
Page 928:
About the International Seabed Auth
show all

Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?