05.02.2013
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur and D. McHugh (1998) A biogeographical perspective of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent fauna, Advances in Marine Biology, 34, 353-441. 20. M. B. Black, R.A. Lutz and R.C. Vrijenhoek (1994), Gene flow among vestimentiferan tube worm (Riftia pachyptila) populations from hydrothermal vents in the eastern Pacific, Marine Biology, 120, 33-39. 21. E.C. Southward, V. Tunnicliffe, M.B. Black, D.R. Dixon and L.R.J. Dixon (1996) Ocean-ridge segmentation and vent tubeworms (Vestimentifera) in the NE Pacific, In: MacLeod, C.J., Tyler, P.A. and Walker, C.L. (eds.) Tectonic, Magmatic, Hydrothermal and Biological Segmentation of Mid-Ocean Ridges, Geological Society Special Publication No. 118, pp. 211-224. 22. C. Craddock, W.R. Hoeh, W.R. Gustafson, R.G. Lutz, J. Hashimoto and R.J. Vrijenhoek (1995), Evolutionary relationships among deep-sea mytilids (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from hydrothermal vents and cold-water methane/sulfide seeps, Marine Biology, 121, 477-485. 23. S.C. France, R.R. Hessler and R.C. Vrijenhoek (1992), Genetic differentiation between spatially disjunct populations of the deep-sea hydrothermal vent endemic amphipod Ventiella sulfuris, Marine Biology, 114, 551-556. 24. V. Tunnicliffe, R.W. Embley, J.F. Holden, D.A. Butterfield, G.J. Massoth and S. K. Juniper (1997), Biological colonization of new hydrothermal vents following an eruption on Juan de Fuca Ridge, Deep-Sea Research, 44, 1627-1644. 25. R. M. Haymon, D.J. Fornari, K.L. Von Damm and 12 others (1993), Volcanic eruption of the mid-ocean ridge along the East Pacific Rise crest at 9˚45.52' N: direct submersible observations of sea floor phenomena associated with an eruption event in April, 1991, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 119, 85-101. 26. S.K. Juniper, P. Martineu, J. Sarrazin and Y. Gélinas (1995), Microbialmineral floc associated with nascent hydrothermal activity on CoAxial Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, Geophysical Research Letters, 22, 179-182. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 296
27. R.A. Lutz, T. M. Shank, D.J. Fornari, R.M. Haymon, M.D. Lilley, K.L. Von Damm and d. Desbruyères (1994), Rapid growth at deep-sea vents, Nature, 371, 663-664. 28. A. Fustec, D. Desbruyères and S.K. Juniper (1987), Deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities at 13˚N on the East Pacific Rise: Micro distribution and temporal variations, Biological Oceanography, 4, 121-164. 29. S.K. Juniper, I.R. Jonasson, V. Tunnicliffe and A.J. Southward (1992), Influence of a tube-building polychaete on hydrothermal chimney mineralization, Geology, 20, 895-898. 30. J. Sarrazin, V. Robigou, S.K. Juniper and J.R. Delaney (1997), Biological and geological dynamics over four years on a high-temperature sulfide structure at the Juan de Fuca Ridge hydrothermal observatory, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 153, 5-24. 31. S.K. Juniper, V. Tunnicliffe and E. C. Southward (1992), HYDROTHERMAL vents in turbidite sediments on a Northeast Pacific Spreading centre: Organisms and substratum at an ocean drilling site, Canadian Journal of Zoology, 70, 1792-1809. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 297
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Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 194
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Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
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sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
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Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
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today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
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Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
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3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
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Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
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3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
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elements associated with the detrit
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Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 216
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 218
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Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
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A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
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4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
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5. Biological Communities and Curre
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6. Resource, Technology and Economi
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MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
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not economical, under the circumsta
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Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
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3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
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deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
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29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
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Angeles, CA, International Society
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geochemistry of Central Pacific fer
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73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
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86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
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110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
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132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
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B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
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Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
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economic potential in hydrogenetic
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Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
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depths. Up welling increases primar
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een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
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shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
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In relation to mining technology, o
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On the most promising sites for cru
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In addition to the International Se
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1. Introduction Plant life is impos
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Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
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Figure 2 Simplified representation
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Figure 3 Major components of a gene
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the mussel's nutrition. When experi
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Reasons for this do not appear to b
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egions, one study pointed out that
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very widespread, supporting microbi
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Studies of the rapid colonisation o
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y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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Page 416 and 417:
87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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Page 418 and 419:
107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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Page 422 and 423:
In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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Page 434 and 435:
This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Page 442 and 443:
Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Page 444 and 445:
Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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Page 448 and 449:
The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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Page 454 and 455:
ought the nickel price to a top. Th
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Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
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Page 458 and 459:
14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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Page 460 and 461:
31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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Page 462 and 463:
48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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Page 464 and 465:
66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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Page 466 and 467:
classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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Page 468 and 469:
To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
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Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
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Page 478 and 479:
Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
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Page 482 and 483:
prospecting would be more applicabl
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Page 484 and 485:
dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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Page 486 and 487:
workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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Page 488 and 489:
an economic perspective, including
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Page 490 and 491:
sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
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Page 492 and 493:
CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
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Page 496 and 497:
Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
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Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4: Volume density of initial
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Page 502 and 503:
ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
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Page 504 and 505:
Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
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Page 506 and 507:
Speaking about particular geographi
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Page 508 and 509:
World Ocean, including areas off no
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Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
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Page 512 and 513:
The extremely harsh environment bro
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Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
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Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
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Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Page 520 and 521:
Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
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Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Page 524 and 525:
Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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Page 526 and 527:
and we shall encounter severe deple
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Page 528 and 529:
In the 1960's scientists discovered
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Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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Page 532 and 533:
methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
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Page 534 and 535:
It has been assumed that the struct
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Page 536 and 537:
identification of gas hydrate in ma
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Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
-
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
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Page 542 and 543:
floor have indicated the presence o
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Page 544 and 545:
of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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Page 546 and 547:
sediment and to provide an indicati
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Page 548 and 549:
6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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Page 550 and 551:
deposits can be commercial, even in
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Page 552 and 553:
at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Page 554 and 555:
Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
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Page 556 and 557:
This is perhaps due to the percepti
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Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
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Page 560 and 561:
NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
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Page 562 and 563:
20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
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Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
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Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
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Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
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Page 570 and 571:
further pointed out that even if on
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Page 572 and 573:
Dr. Desa also informed participants
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Page 574 and 575:
thickness of the sediments, the thi
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Page 576 and 577:
pressure at sea level leads to hydr
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Page 578 and 579:
aware of any studies of natural ear
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CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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Page 582 and 583:
NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
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Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
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Page 586 and 587:
formation of a large accretion coar
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Page 588 and 589:
The deep-water ore body more closel
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Page 590 and 591:
4. The mineral resource management
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Page 592 and 593:
deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
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Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
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Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
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Page 598 and 599:
to levels capable of sustaining sea
-
Page 600 and 601:
In accordance with De Beers’ over
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Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
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Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
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Page 606 and 607:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
-
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
-
Page 610 and 611:
diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
-
Page 612 and 613:
technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
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Page 614 and 615:
and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
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Page 616 and 617:
With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
-
Page 618 and 619:
of De Beers’ deepwater operation
-
Page 620 and 621:
system that allows other functions
-
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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Page 624 and 625:
change through heat transport and c
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Page 626 and 627:
Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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Page 628 and 629:
• Undertake necessary mitigatory
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Page 630 and 631:
State, by such spilling or pollutio
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Page 632 and 633:
including diamonds, from non-fluore
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Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
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Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
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Page 638 and 639:
ackground levels and confined to a
-
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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Page 642 and 643:
advocated this approach for environ
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Page 644 and 645:
local geology, sedimentology and mi
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Page 646 and 647:
Levene’s test could also be used
-
Page 648 and 649:
unquestionably be alarming, and the
-
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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Page 652 and 653:
sponges and bryozoans to more gener
-
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
-
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
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Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
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Page 660 and 661:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
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Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
-
Page 666 and 667:
initial mining, but that within a v
-
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
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Page 670 and 671:
would result in the extermination o
-
Page 672 and 673:
The participant from Saudi Arabia r
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Page 674 and 675:
of the Namibian government would be
-
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
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Page 678 and 679:
1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
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2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 674
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partially separated continental fra
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occur beneath the continental shelf
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Using these criteria, a number of a
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3.3 Methods used to assess resource
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4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
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4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
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sedimentary layers that are favoura
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4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
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The most up to date information of
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Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
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There are four elements are of econ
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averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
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520 million tonnes of copper”. In
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 708
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 710
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Elemental resources for the top ten
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natural gas is commonly formed in a
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These areas are almost exclusively
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Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
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with the term “resource” used e
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Similarly, much of the continental
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Although this is not an assessment
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A qualitative indication of resourc
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4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
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However, this does not include the
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Figure 28 shows the location of are
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ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
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INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 736
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Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
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Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
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Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
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Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
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Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
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Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
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Evaporite deposits http://www.black
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SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
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these areas cover something like 25
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continental margins. He mentioned p
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programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
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Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
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One participant recalled that Ms. Z
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vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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planning of future activities. The
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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in the Barents Sea there is still a
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period that can last up to ten year
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conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
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operation (PDO) is normally prepare
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to the data when an area is relinqu
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CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
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• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
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This tax must be paid up to January
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the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
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to the safety of persons and animal
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found offshore Brazil. With regard
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een discovered in the basin, includ
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enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
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Those who are entitled to the land
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and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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explorations may continue concurren
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Appoint an authorized representativ
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The contractor will recover all ope
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of US dollar... (negotiable) within
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Processing of products is subject t
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are more than 30 articles in the va
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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Ambassador Djalal informed particip
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production-sharing contracts became
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said that the remainder of the prod
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and cooperation with Pertamina and
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A participant wanted to know whethe
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of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
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STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
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Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
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France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
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polymetallic massive sulphides. The
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crusts have also been found in area
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Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
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is currently no regional agency tas
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The types of data that have been in
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A new agreement between Japan and S
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SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
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deposits will be mined at some poin
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REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
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18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
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8. Individual nations should develo
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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With regard to the name of the orga
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the benefit that had accrued to the
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The discussions that followed Mr. S
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About the International Seabed Auth
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