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geochemistry of Central Pacific ferromanganese encrustations, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 71, 13-22; R. Le Suave et al. (1989), Geological and mineralogical study of Co-rich ferromanganese crusts from a submerged atoll in the Tuamotu Archipelago (French Polynesia), Marine Geology, 87, 227-247; E.H. De Carlo and C.M. Fraley (1990), Chemistry and mineralogy of ferromanganese deposits from the equatorial Pacific Ocean, In Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the central Pacific Basin, B.H. Keating and B.R. Bolton (eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Houston, Texas, Earth Science Series, v. 15, 225- 245; R. Grau and H.R. Kudrass (1991), Pre-Eocene and younger manganese crusts from the Manihiki Plateau, southwest Pacific Ocean, Marine Mining, 10, 231-246; D. Puteanus et al. (1989), Distribution, internal structure, and composition of manganese crusts from seamounts of the Teahitia-Mehetia hot spot, southwest Pacific, Marine Mining, 8, 245-266; A.C. Aplin and D.S. Cronan (1985), Ferromanganese oxide deposits from the central Pacific Ocean, I. Encrustations from the Line Islands Archipelago, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 427-436; P. Walter et al. (1995), Mineralogy and composition of manganese crusts and nodules and sediments from the Manihiki Plateau and adjacent areas: Results of HMNZS Tui cruises, Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 13, 321-337; D.S. Cronan and R.A. Hodkinson (1989), Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part III: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ of western Kiribati (Phoenix and Gilbert Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 100, Suva Fiji, 47 pp; D.S. Cronan and R.A. Hodkinson (1990), Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part IV: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ of Tuvalu (Ellice Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 102, Suva Fiji, 59 pp; D.S. Cronan et al. (1989), Manganese nodules and cobalt-rich crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands, Kiribati and Tuvalu, Part II: Nodules and crusts in the EEZ's of the Cook Islands and part of eastern Kiribati (Line Islands), CCOP/SOPAC Technical Report 99, Suva Fiji, 44 pp. 62. B.R. Bolton, N.F. Exon and J. Ostwald (14); B.R. Bolton et al. (14); N.F. Exon (1997), Ferromanganese crust and nodule deposits from the continental margin south and west of Tasmania, Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 44, 701-710; G.P. Glasby et al. (1991), Marine manganese INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 244
crusts around New Zealand, Miscellaneous Publications, New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, 106, 1-25. 63. B.W. Haynes et al. (1985), Pacific manganese nodules: Characterization and processing, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin, 679, 44 pp. 64. P. Halbach, F.T. Manheim and P. Otten (13); F.T. Manheim (24) 65. P. Halbach et al. (1983), Co-fluxes and growth rates in ferromanganese deposits from central Pacific seamount areas, Nature, 304, 716-719. 66. J.R. Hein et al. (6); A. Usui and M. Someya (6) 67. E.H. De Carlo, G.M. McMurtry and K.H. Kim (26); E.H. De Carlo, P.A. Pennywell and C.M. Fraley (26); J.R. Hein et al. (1987) (26); J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (1992), Central Pacific Cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts: Historical Perspective and Regional Variability, In Geology and Offshore Mineral Resources of the Central Pacific Basin, B.H. Keating. and B.R. Bolton (eds.), Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Sciences Series, 14, New York, Springer- Verlag, 261-283. 68. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 69. P. Halbach, F.T. Manheim and P. Otten (13); J.R. Hein, M.S. Schulz and L.M. Gein (67) 70. A.C. Aplin (61); E.H. De Carlo. and G.M. McMurtry (60) 71. S.M. McLennan (1989), Rare earth elements in sedimentary rocks: Influence of provenance and sedimentary processes, In Geochemistry and Mineralogy of Rare Earth Elements, B.R. Lipin and G.A. McKay (eds.), Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy, 21, Washington, D.C., 168-200. 72. H.J.W. De Baar et al. (1985), Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 49, 1943-1959. INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 245
Page 2 and 3:
Workshop on Minerals Other than Pol
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Published in Jamaica 2004 by the In
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Chapter 6* Impact of the Developmen
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PART 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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The Authority designates one of two
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deposits and gas hydrates of the co
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Prof. Chris German, Challenger Divi
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Mr. Sven Petersen, Research Associa
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SECRETARIAT Ambassador Satya N. Nan
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is to submit “an application that
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that was established to help protec
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on the continental margin. He state
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with the German firm Preussag. As p
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metre or metres of these black smok
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nodules in terms of these metals -
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Professor Herzig stressed however t
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While noting that the continuity of
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asal diameter at 1,600 m water dept
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discovery of the new hydrothermal s
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esearch cruises dedicated to ferrom
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global mid-ocean ridge system. He p
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athymetric map of the seafloor. A s
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were encouraging. In the course of
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that this matter was sensitive, he
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complete a preliminary evaluation o
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metals - nickel, cobalt, manganese,
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12. Issues to be taken into account
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entities. Many of them included min
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In this regard, the Secretary-Gener
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According to Dr. Vysotsky, as estim
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With regard to current knowledge ab
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Dr. Corbett gave a brief account of
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River resulting in the introduction
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Ms. Zaamwani pointed out that as th
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geochemical and geotechnical survey
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of its continental shelf through bi
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also stated, is similar to that of
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Chapter 7 Technical requirements fo
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Table 1: Classification of marine m
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Volcanogenic Metalliferous sediment
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deposits, including massive sulphid
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3. Marine Minerals Related to Deep
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The black smoker chimneys dischargi
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contain metals are present at discr
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Figure 4. A diagrammatic east-west
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and refining of these crusts is mor
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distances of hundreds of kilometres
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2) Deep ocean hot springs at massiv
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6. P.A. Rona, M.D. Hannington, C.V.
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25. M.J. Cruickshank (1998), Law of
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With regard to marine mineral depos
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Focussing on sites of sea floor min
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scientific journal "Nature". The su
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Professor Rona recalled that the in
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like St. Stephen’s in the Kremlin
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He noted that another product of ho
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The reasons why the Red Sea deposit
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a number of geothermal wells have b
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1. Introduction The discovery of hi
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0° 30° 30° 60° Explorer Ridge C
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3. Hydrothermal Convection At ocean
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Due to its increased buoyancy at hi
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5. Metal Contents Despite moderate
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(11.8 wt.%), and have high concentr
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Table 3: Size and Tonnage - Atlanti
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Local enrichment of more than 40 pp
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the Red Sea, Middle Valley, Explore
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Table 8: Advantages of Seafloor Mas
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60 kg Au) located on the neighbouri
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9. Perspective If further explorati
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3. J.M. Franklin, J.W. Lydon, and D
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19. R.A. Zierenberg, Y. Fouquet, D.
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35. J. Collier, M. Sinha (1990), Se
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53. P.M. Herzig, Y. Fouquet, M.D. H
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68. M.D. Hannington, J.M. Peter, an
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85. The New York Times (1997), Firs
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southern segment is a fast-spreadin
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Professor Herzig said that the spec
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Professor Herzig said that the depo
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Professor Herzig informed participa
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he informed participants that in ad
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In relation to Conical Seamount, Pr
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deposits is essential to reliably a
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would be removed from the deposit.
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CHAPTER 3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL VARIAB
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� Metallogenic provinces that are
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A digital map of ore-bearing region
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of the slopes in between 1500-3000m
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development there are areas with ma
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Regarding the formation of the firs
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION AND DIS
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the Juan-de-Fuca Ridge, the Guaymas
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Intensive investigations resulted i
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Based on the potential resources co
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It should be noted that other massi
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Generally, the massive sulphides or
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With regard to the gold values repo
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CHAPTER 5 COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANES
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Current patterns, topography, botto
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Table 1: Contents of manganese, iro
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Page 204 and 205: Depth (km) 0 100 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 O
Page 206 and 207: sediment. Those thinly veiled crust
Page 208 and 209: Table 3: Cruises dedicated to the s
Page 210 and 211: today. Field studies by the USA, Ge
Page 212 and 213: Phosphorite and fresh basalt are st
Page 214 and 215: 3.2. Mineralogy The mineralogy of b
Page 216 and 217: Samples 25 20 15 10 5 0 Growth Rate
Page 218 and 219: 3.4. Chemical Composition All USGS
Page 220 and 221: elements associated with the detrit
Page 222 and 223: Sample/PAAS 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001
Page 228 and 229: Phosphatization of the older Fe-Mn
Page 230 and 231: A. B. C. Mn FSM-Palau Marshall Isla
Page 232 and 233: 4. Iron-Manganese Crust Formation E
Page 234 and 235: 5. Biological Communities and Curre
Page 236 and 237: 6. Resource, Technology and Economi
Page 238 and 239: MAJOR DIMENSIONS Length : 13 m Widt
Page 240 and 241: not economical, under the circumsta
Page 242 and 243: Based on grade, tonnage, and oceano
Page 244 and 245: 3. J.R. Hein and C.L. Morgan (1999)
Page 246 and 247: deep sea deposits, Report on the Sc
Page 248 and 249: 29. T. Moritani and S. Nakao (eds.)
Page 250 and 251: Angeles, CA, International Society
Page 254 and 255: 73. J.W. Moffett (1990), Microbiall
Page 256 and 257: 86. D. Puteanus and P. Halbach (54)
Page 258 and 259: 110. A Koschinsky and P Halbach (46
Page 260 and 261: 132. J.R. Hein et al. (1) 133. H.H.
Page 262 and 263: B. 14°30'N 14°20'N 14°10'N 160°
Page 264 and 265: Appendix 4. 1-m-diameter circular c
Page 266 and 267: economic potential in hydrogenetic
Page 268 and 269: Zealand Oceanographic Institute, th
Page 270 and 271: depths. Up welling increases primar
Page 272 and 273: een recovered is 25 cm. He also sai
Page 274 and 275: shallower than 1500 metres, a shall
Page 276 and 277: In relation to mining technology, o
Page 278 and 279: On the most promising sites for cru
Page 280 and 281: In addition to the International Se
Page 282 and 283: 1. Introduction Plant life is impos
Page 284 and 285: Table 1 Potential microbial metabol
Page 286 and 287: Figure 2 Simplified representation
Page 288 and 289: Figure 3 Major components of a gene
Page 290 and 291: the mussel's nutrition. When experi
Page 292 and 293: Reasons for this do not appear to b
Page 294 and 295: egions, one study pointed out that
Page 296 and 297: very widespread, supporting microbi
Page 298 and 299: Studies of the rapid colonisation o
Page 300 and 301: y mining, which is expected to be v
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2. J. B. Corliss, J. Dymond, L. Gor
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19. V. Tunnicliffe, A.G. McArthur a
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together with mucus that is secrete
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close to neutral ph conditions, it
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France, Germany, the United Kingdom
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of the sedimentary column, whereas
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Table 2: Research Submersibles and
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4. Technical Requirements For resea
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5. Processing Technologies The phys
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grow on substrate rocks because of
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5. M.D. Hannington, A.G. Galley, P.
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Dr. Herzig informed participants th
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search for sites of hydrothermal ve
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with such a grab. In addition to th
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Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) D
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equired to make sure that the ship
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Dr. Herzig summarized the technical
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commercial. Since confidentiality o
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CHAPTER 8 FACTORS IN FINANCING EXPL
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The traditional project stages that
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there is a subset that forms in spe
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of competing for the attention of i
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7. Why SMS Mines will be Lower Cost
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8. Modelling SMS mining offers scop
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Because exhalative SMS deposits are
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flow to the metal markets. He also
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shortage in the next couple of year
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starts, the operation could take pl
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Based on this and other considerati
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Mr. Malnic said that the mining ope
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and silver. Except for volcanically
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2.2. Major Features of the Draft Of
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As a general principle the fiscal p
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I think the issue is not as simple
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Table 3: Data and information requi
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former case a reminder notice is se
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6. Elisabeth Mann Borgese, Ocean Go
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longer an area is held, more inform
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from the deep sea. One group of enz
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CHAPTER 10 NATIONAL AND INTERNATION
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times greater than atmospheric pres
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Fig. 2 Schematic diagram showing th
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Figure. 4: Distributions of hydroth
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Figure 6: Distributions of hydrothe
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Figure.8: Plot of incidence of hydr
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et al., 1998) - one of the two very
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seabed but, instead, are dispersed
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Figure 10: The Southampton Oceanogr
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oxide material, polymetallic sulphi
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Figure 13: TOBI sidescan sonar imag
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to ex
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15. Cronan D S (ed.) Handbook of Ma
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33. Gross G.A. and McLeod C.R., Met
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51. Jones H. A. and Davies P. J., P
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69. Manheim F. T., Composition and
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87. Muller, R.D., Roest, W.R., Roye
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107. Warren, J., Evaporites: their
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cultivating sulphide oxidising bact
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In relation to spreading rates at v
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coordination to actually get to go
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esources and to know whether or not
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ROVS, AUVs or submersibles to produ
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have oversimplified the case in his
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CHAPTER 11 A COMPARISON OF THE POSS
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This paper proposes to compare the
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• The distance between the mining
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economic value. Phosphatisation has
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The morphology of the mineral edifi
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Table 3: Geochemistry of known mass
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Detailed exploration has not been c
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flotation, can separate the ferroma
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The crushed and ground ore can be c
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3.2. Assumptions made for each kind
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alloys or even manganese ore in the
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ought the nickel price to a top. Th
Page 456 and 457:
Because the metal market economy is
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14. J. -P. Lenoble (1992), Future d
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31. J. Francheteau, D. Needham, P.
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48. J. -P. Lenoble (1996), Les nodu
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66. J. -J. Prédali and J. -P. Polg
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classification system, Mr. Lenoble
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To recapitulate the sizes and possi
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proposed processing technologies an
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international community is only jus
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Part 2 ISSUES TO BE TAKEN INTO ACCO
Page 476 and 477:
The Secretary-General said that the
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Mr. Nandan pointed out that the nex
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problems would resurface, because i
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prospecting would be more applicabl
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dimensional seafloor massive sulphi
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workshop, in relation to deposit ev
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an economic perspective, including
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sulphides and cobalt-rich ferromang
Page 492 and 493:
CHAPTER 13 PETROLEUM POTENTIAL AND
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structure and filled with sediments
Page 496 and 497:
Basin groups are subdivided into ty
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during the late Mesozoic-Cenozoic s
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 4: Volume density of initial
Page 502 and 503:
ITIPRHC = Vnr φHC γ 103 (Mmtoe),
Page 504 and 505:
Table 1: Offshore (deepwater) initi
Page 506 and 507:
Speaking about particular geographi
Page 508 and 509:
World Ocean, including areas off no
Page 510 and 511:
Table 4: Largest oil and gas discov
Page 512 and 513:
The extremely harsh environment bro
Page 514 and 515:
In other regions of the world, enco
Page 516 and 517:
REFERENCES 1. L.G. Weeks (1971), Ma
Page 518 and 519:
SUMMARY OF PRESENTATION AND DISCUSS
Page 520 and 521:
Dr. Vysotsky said that estimates of
Page 522 and 523:
In Southeast Asia, Dr. Vysotsky spo
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Philippines, and possibly Brazil. W
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and we shall encounter severe deple
Page 528 and 529:
In the 1960's scientists discovered
Page 530 and 531:
Figure 2. Worldwide locations of kn
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methane by bacteria in an anoxic en
Page 534 and 535:
It has been assumed that the struct
Page 536 and 537:
identification of gas hydrate in ma
Page 538 and 539:
ottom simulating reflections (BSR)
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 6: Interpretative plot of hy
Page 542 and 543:
floor have indicated the presence o
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of free gas below the BSR is usuall
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sediment and to provide an indicati
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6. Harvesting methane hydrates -Som
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deposits can be commercial, even in
Page 552 and 553:
at a catastrophic scale. Some of th
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Figure 8. Development of hydrate re
Page 556 and 557:
This is perhaps due to the percepti
Page 558 and 559:
would provide Japan with methane fo
Page 560 and 561:
NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. E.D. Sloan
Page 562 and 563:
20. R.F. Meyer (1981), Speculation
Page 564 and 565:
Master Workshop on Gas Hydrates: Re
Page 566 and 567:
60. M.D. Max and M.J. Cruickshank (
Page 568 and 569:
is that their exploitation might re
Page 570 and 571:
further pointed out that even if on
Page 572 and 573:
Dr. Desa also informed participants
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thickness of the sediments, the thi
Page 576 and 577:
pressure at sea level leads to hydr
Page 578 and 579:
aware of any studies of natural ear
Page 580 and 581:
CHAPTER 15 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
Page 582 and 583:
NAMIBIA L W OR CT BOTSWANA SOUTH AF
Page 584 and 585:
The Orange River, one of Africa’s
Page 586 and 587:
formation of a large accretion coar
Page 588 and 589:
The deep-water ore body more closel
Page 590 and 591:
4. The mineral resource management
Page 592 and 593:
deployed on a MacArtney FOCUS 400 R
Page 594 and 595:
Utilising Jago has made very detail
Page 596 and 597:
Although at first glance the nature
Page 598 and 599:
to levels capable of sustaining sea
Page 600 and 601:
In accordance with De Beers’ over
Page 602 and 603:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I thank my many co
Page 604 and 605:
16. I.B. Corbett (1989), The sedime
Page 606 and 607:
Page 608 and 609:
eroded during regression and transg
Page 610 and 611:
diamond mining business. Dr. Corbet
Page 612 and 613:
technological step, Dr. Corbett sug
Page 614 and 615:
and Ore Reserves (JORC). He also sa
Page 616 and 617:
With another slide, Dr. Corbett sho
Page 618 and 619:
of De Beers’ deepwater operation
Page 620 and 621:
system that allows other functions
Page 622 and 623:
CHAPTER 16 A CASE STUDY IN THE DEVE
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change through heat transport and c
Page 626 and 627:
Main sites of oxygen minimum Flow o
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• Undertake necessary mitigatory
Page 630 and 631:
State, by such spilling or pollutio
Page 632 and 633:
including diamonds, from non-fluore
Page 634 and 635:
agreements require that government
Page 636 and 637:
including current velocities, oxyge
Page 638 and 639:
ackground levels and confined to a
Page 640 and 641:
Sonar equipment used on some DBM ve
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advocated this approach for environ
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local geology, sedimentology and mi
Page 646 and 647:
Levene’s test could also be used
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unquestionably be alarming, and the
Page 650 and 651:
3.4 Future Innovation in Video Tran
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sponges and bryozoans to more gener
Page 654 and 655:
esearch contributions of Mark Gibbo
Page 656 and 657:
16. Craig R. Smith (1998), The Biol
Page 658 and 659:
magellanicus, Gmein) populations. J
Page 660 and 661:
Page 662 and 663:
presentation he would show that kno
Page 664 and 665:
process of self-regulatory checking
Page 666 and 667:
initial mining, but that within a v
Page 668 and 669:
continental shelf. He suggested tha
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would result in the extermination o
Page 672 and 673:
The participant from Saudi Arabia r
Page 674 and 675:
of the Namibian government would be
Page 676 and 677:
With the exception of the West Paci
Page 678 and 679:
1.3 Resources The oceanic regions o
Page 680 and 681:
2 Physiography of the Ocean Floor a
Page 682 and 683:
INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY 674
Page 684 and 685:
partially separated continental fra
Page 686 and 687:
occur beneath the continental shelf
Page 688 and 689:
Using these criteria, a number of a
Page 690 and 691:
3.3 Methods used to assess resource
Page 692 and 693:
4.1.2 How marine placer deposits ar
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to survive the transgression are pr
Page 696 and 697:
4.2.2 Where marine phosphorite depo
Page 698 and 699:
sedimentary layers that are favoura
Page 700 and 701:
4.4 Marine Polymetalic sulphides 4.
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4.4.4 Resource potential of marine
Page 704 and 705:
The most up to date information of
Page 706 and 707:
Manganese crusts that are rich in c
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(3) where bottom currents are effec
Page 710 and 711:
There are four elements are of econ
Page 712 and 713:
averaging 2kg/m 2 . These contain e
Page 714 and 715:
520 million tonnes of copper”. In
Page 716 and 717:
Page 718 and 719:
Page 720 and 721:
Elemental resources for the top ten
Page 722 and 723:
natural gas is commonly formed in a
Page 724 and 725:
These areas are almost exclusively
Page 726 and 727:
Table 5 (with reference to Figure 2
Page 728 and 729:
with the term “resource” used e
Page 730 and 731:
Similarly, much of the continental
Page 732 and 733:
Although this is not an assessment
Page 734 and 735:
A qualitative indication of resourc
Page 736 and 737:
4.7.2 How marine gas hydrate deposi
Page 738 and 739:
However, this does not include the
Page 740 and 741:
Figure 28 shows the location of are
Page 742 and 743:
ELCS region Location Hydrate potent
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
Franklin Seamount, western Woodlark
Page 748 and 749:
Emery K. O. and Noakes L. C., Econo
Page 750 and 751:
Herzig, P.M. and Hannington M. D.,
Page 752 and 753:
Kvenvolden, K.A., Gas hydrates as a
Page 754 and 755:
Meyer, R.F., Speculations on oil an
Page 756 and 757:
Scott, S.D., Seafloor polymetallic
Page 758 and 759:
Evaporite deposits http://www.black
Page 760 and 761:
Page 762 and 763:
these areas cover something like 25
Page 764 and 765:
continental margins. He mentioned p
Page 766 and 767:
programme off Nankeen, Japan, and t
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een happily persuaded in the other
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Part 4 REGULATORY AND PROMOTIONAL F
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own Namdeb. In addition, there are
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The stated purpose of the Minerals
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programme and specified minimum exp
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them to give proper attention to ea
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evaluation purposes in monitoring t
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as far as the development of minera
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Ms. Zaamwani said that the main leg
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Ms. Zaamwani told participants that
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the Ministry could benefit, as is c
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understaffing do not currently util
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One participant recalled that Ms. Z
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vessels there are sophisticated sec
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Ms. Zaamwani was asked about regula
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70° 60° NORTH SEA -30° -20° -10
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of 9.6 billion Sm 3 oil equivalents
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Nor does it give rights or priority
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1 4. Data Management All data relat
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possibility to evaluate the results
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planning of future activities. The
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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in the Barents Sea there is still a
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period that can last up to ten year
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conditions in these areas, as well
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designated by the Ministry. She sai
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quantity of data involved in the in
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operation (PDO) is normally prepare
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to the data when an area is relinqu
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CHAPTER 20 STATUS REPORT ON THE DAT
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All the above-mentioned minerals oc
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e water depths between 400 and 1,00
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As far as the Government is concern
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• Ordinance number 195, of Decemb
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This tax must be paid up to January
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the one whose burning is authorised
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ANP may send a representative to fo
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esources other than oil or natural
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to the safety of persons and animal
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found offshore Brazil. With regard
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een discovered in the basin, includ
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enhance oil recovery. He said that
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g. Ordinance number 10 that regulat
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He said that the environment has to
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ids. These comprised five Brazilian
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After oil exploration gained moment
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Those who are entitled to the land
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and replaced by the President, and
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(ii) Assure the safety of navigatio
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explorations may continue concurren
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Appoint an authorized representativ
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The contractor will recover all ope
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of US dollar... (negotiable) within
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Processing of products is subject t
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are more than 30 articles in the va
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Ambassador Djalal informed particip
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production-sharing contracts became
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said that the remainder of the prod
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and cooperation with Pertamina and
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A participant wanted to know whethe
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of CCOP/SOPAC was to promote and de
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STAR was founded in 1985 in collabo
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Since 1972, SOPAC has, on behalf of
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France Seapso 1985-1986 Cook Is, Fi
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polymetallic massive sulphides. The
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crusts have also been found in area
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Figure 2: Location Map of Known Pol
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is currently no regional agency tas
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The types of data that have been in
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A new agreement between Japan and S
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SOPAC’s continuing and relentless
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deposits will be mined at some poin
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REFERENCES 1. D. Tiffin and C Matos
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18. J. Malnic. (1999). Marine Miner
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8. Individual nations should develo
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SUMMARY OF THE PRESENTATION ON THE
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With regard to the name of the orga
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the benefit that had accrued to the
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The discussions that followed Mr. S
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About the International Seabed Auth
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Minerals Report - International Seabed Authority

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